自杀的

Peter Singer is one of the few bioethicist that offers sound arguments to most of the bioethical issues, such as killing and euthanasia. His arguments for euthanasia are meticulous and strong and such arguments could be extended to support physician assisted suicide. Thus, this dissertation takes Singer's approach for the analysis of the issue, and, argues and seeks a morally acceptable outlet for physician assisted suicide.

而由於辛格可说是生命伦理学的巨擘，对於生命伦理学里的多数议题提出相当完善的论据，如对於杀生与自愿安乐死的议题，即提出详细且严谨的论据，且由其支持自愿安乐死之论据可申论为支持医助自杀之论据，因此本文以辛格之进路来论医助自杀，以期为医助自杀寻找一条道德上可以接受的出路。

To study the applicable prospect of suicide gene on tumor therapy in clinic,we cloned the gene of D-amino acid oxidase and the gene of yeast cytosine deaminase.We hope to establish the transgenic mices of DAAO gene and YCD gene,and the two transgenic strain mices are valuable animal system for studying the biological characteristic of DAAO gene and YCD gene ,for studing the killing activity of DAAO/D-Ala and YCD/5-FC gene therapy systems on tumor.The D-amino acid oxidase gene derived from R.gracilis and it could oxidize D-amino acids. Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species generated in the deamination of D-Ala catalyzed by DAAO.

为了探讨自杀基因在临床肿瘤治疗中的应用前景，建立自杀基因肿瘤治疗评价的动物模型，我们克隆了D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase，DAAO)基因和酵母菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶(yeast cytosine deaminase，YCD)基因，希望建立DAAO基因及YCD基因转基因小鼠，为研究DAAO及YCD基因的生物学特性、开发和评价DAAO／D-Ala及YCD／5-FC自杀基因系统进行肿瘤治疗建立良好的实验动物模型。

This paper makes a further study on the suicidal phenomena of the officials during the reign of Xian Feng, and analyzes on the reason why they committed suicide from the angle of military discipline, the system of preferential treatment, traditional culture, social order, etc. It's hoped to provide some rational explanation in different view and emendate the western suicide theory.

本文拟就清咸丰年间政府官员的自杀现象做一个深入研究，从军事纪律、优抚制度、传统文化和社会秩序等角度来分析他们的自杀原因，以期提供一些不同视野下的合理解释；并对西方社会学的自杀理论予以补正。

Students without suicidal tendency have a higher average value in endocentric character and the exocentric character of the individual and social adaptability, while they have a lower average value than students with suicidal tendency in other aspects; However these two groups have no significant difference on concealibility.

无自杀倾向组除在内外向和社会适应能力上的均值高于自杀倾向组外，在其他因子水平上的均值均低于自杀倾向组；两组在掩饰性上无显著性差异。

Japanese like pursuing the beauty of natural harmony, while they pursue this, they also find the unsolved confrontation between nature and human, and the death is the dividing line, so an appreciation of death,"half sorrow, half beauty" emerged, it was called "pathos", Busido accept this appreciation, and even to perform "hara-kiri" to realize this esthetics notion, under this kind of influence, the estheticism suicide behavior is popular in modern Japanese society, which can be easily found in the Japanese artist suicidal cases, showplace suicide cases and "net-pals group suicide" cases.

日本人是追求自然和谐美的民族，他们在追求此种美的同时，也深深感知到人与大自然不可调和的对立，死亡正是这种对立面的交界，由此派生出一种"亦悲亦美"的死亡审美意识——"物哀"，武士道不仅受此种审美意识影响，更以"切腹"这一自杀行为艺术实践此审美理念，受武士自杀美学的影响，在日本现代社会，唯美式自杀

As far emotional interference is concerned, this article studies the principles and solutions of suicide crisis to prevent the students from suiciding; helps the students overcome the low-spirited periods in their lives; provides the interferer with the guideline in theory and practice.

本文试图从情绪干预角度，研究大学生自杀干预的情绪规律，探讨大学生自杀干预的情绪规律及对策，有效地防御大学生自杀情绪产生，帮助大学生顺利跨越人生情绪低谷时期，给干预工作以理论上和实践方法上的指导。

"The highest-risk time for making a suicide attempt is within one year after a person first starts thinking about suicide. That happens 60 percent of the time or more across every country," Nock said.

Nock称，"自杀行为风险最高时是在第一次有自杀念头的一年之内，这些国家里大概60％的自杀行为都是发生在这一时间。"

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

The influencing factors were gender, mental problem, paren ts divorced, relationship of family member, self-assessment of mental health, d issatisfaction about own figures, economic level and depression.conclus ion suicidal ideation causes by biological,psychological and sociologic al factors.

结果 大学生自杀意念报告率为19.76%；性格特点为敏感、多疑、紧张、少与人相处、多幻想、心理健康水平差等；性别、有无心理问题、父母是否离异、家庭成员关系、心理健康自我评价、常为自己的容貌及外表苦恼、对自己的评价、经济状况、抑郁状况等因素为引起自杀意念的个体和社会因素。结论自杀意念的形成是生物学、心理学与社会学综合作用的结果。

After hypochondria go into action, accompany with the ego closing, eliminate, to the disappointment of the life, and once go into action least keep on above two weeks , the first what to victimize is own body, causing personal and the family\'s mind and body obstacle and influence the quality of life the outside, also would cause the productivity lost meanwhile, income missing, increase the family and social cost, the serious would increase the disease to contract the rate, increase the high death rate and bring about to commit suicide the problem, the digital well-known actor reveal on the media recently they have ever contracted the hypochondria hereafter, and the suicide affairs of the experienced actor and recent series of politesses commits suicide the case with the gun, the hypochondria just become the focus of public concern gradually, however what is the hypochondria disease How many does the hypochondria have How is appropriate processing Police the administration business how does the personnel guard against to contract the hypochondria

摘要郁症发作后，伴随著自我封闭，消沈，对生命的失望，而且一但发作最少持续在两周以上，第一个受害的就是自己的身体，造成个人及家人之身心障碍及影响生活品质外，同时亦会造成生产力丧失，收入短缺，增加家庭与社会成本，严重者会增加疾病罹患率，增高死亡率及酿成自杀问题，近来数位知名演艺人员在媒体上透露她们曾经罹患过忧郁症以后，再加上倪敏然的自杀及最近一连串的警察用枪自杀案件，郁症才渐渐成为众人关心的焦点，然而郁症是什麼郁症有几种要如何妥善处理警务人员要如何防治

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。