自杀

Though the relation between suicide attitude and suicide idea is negative, it has definite value at apply research because we can improve moral education by studying factors which effect suicide attitude, then correct suicide attitude, alleviative the hidden peril of suicide idea.

"自杀态度与自杀意念呈负相关"是共识，研究影响自杀态度的相关因素，改进德育工作，从而纠正自杀态度，减轻自杀意念的隐患，这在大学德育应用研究方面也具有一定的价值。

Peter Singer is one of the few bioethicist that offers sound arguments to most of the bioethical issues, such as killing and euthanasia. His arguments for euthanasia are meticulous and strong and such arguments could be extended to support physician assisted suicide. Thus, this dissertation takes Singer's approach for the analysis of the issue, and, argues and seeks a morally acceptable outlet for physician assisted suicide.

而由於辛格可说是生命伦理学的巨擘，对於生命伦理学里的多数议题提出相当完善的论据，如对於杀生与自愿安乐死的议题，即提出详细且严谨的论据，且由其支持自愿安乐死之论据可申论为支持医助自杀之论据，因此本文以辛格之进路来论医助自杀，以期为医助自杀寻找一条道德上可以接受的出路。

To study the applicable prospect of suicide gene on tumor therapy in clinic,we cloned the gene of D-amino acid oxidase and the gene of yeast cytosine deaminase.We hope to establish the transgenic mices of DAAO gene and YCD gene,and the two transgenic strain mices are valuable animal system for studying the biological characteristic of DAAO gene and YCD gene ,for studing the killing activity of DAAO/D-Ala and YCD/5-FC gene therapy systems on tumor.The D-amino acid oxidase gene derived from R.gracilis and it could oxidize D-amino acids. Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species generated in the deamination of D-Ala catalyzed by DAAO.

为了探讨自杀基因在临床肿瘤治疗中的应用前景，建立自杀基因肿瘤治疗评价的动物模型，我们克隆了D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase，DAAO)基因和酵母菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶(yeast cytosine deaminase，YCD)基因，希望建立DAAO基因及YCD基因转基因小鼠，为研究DAAO及YCD基因的生物学特性、开发和评价DAAO／D-Ala及YCD／5-FC自杀基因系统进行肿瘤治疗建立良好的实验动物模型。

This paper makes a further study on the suicidal phenomena of the officials during the reign of Xian Feng, and analyzes on the reason why they committed suicide from the angle of military discipline, the system of preferential treatment, traditional culture, social order, etc. It's hoped to provide some rational explanation in different view and emendate the western suicide theory.

本文拟就清咸丰年间政府官员的自杀现象做一个深入研究，从军事纪律、优抚制度、传统文化和社会秩序等角度来分析他们的自杀原因，以期提供一些不同视野下的合理解释；并对西方社会学的自杀理论予以补正。

Students without suicidal tendency have a higher average value in endocentric character and the exocentric character of the individual and social adaptability, while they have a lower average value than students with suicidal tendency in other aspects; However these two groups have no significant difference on concealibility.

无自杀倾向组除在内外向和社会适应能力上的均值高于自杀倾向组外，在其他因子水平上的均值均低于自杀倾向组；两组在掩饰性上无显著性差异。

Therefore we must analyse the reason of commit suicide when we explore the phenomenon so that seek the effective measure to avoid further painfulness .

青少年自杀一般都有自杀前的征兆，因此，在探究青少年自杀现象时应从青少年自杀的原因等方面进行分析，以寻求防止青少年自杀的有效措施。

Basically,some specific symptom will be presented before suicide.Therefore, we should pay more attention to the reason of suicide of youth when we reaserch this suicide issue, so as we could find out the effective measurements to avoid further painfulness.

青少年自杀一般都有自杀前的征兆，因此，在探究青少年自杀现象时应从青少年自杀的原因等方面进行分析，以寻求防止青少年自杀的有效措施。

Results:(1) Of the interviewees, 93.6%(25 cases) reported that the numbers of suicidual outpatients came to seek medical helps had declined, while 6.4%(2 cases) reported no change;(2) 74.1%(20 cases) reported the proportion of suicidual outpatients by drinking pestcides had decreased, and that by taking tranquillizer such as diazepam had increased;(3) 70.4%(19 cases) though that the success rate of first aid for the suicidual outpatients were higher than before;(4) For the causes of the decline on the suicidual rate in recent years, 77.8%(21 caes ) attributed to inprove of peasants' life, 66.7%(18 cases) to the decrease of family diputes, and 66.7%(18 cases) to decrease of pestcide use;(5) 37.0%(10 cases) were suspicious that certain outpatients conducted suicide had mental disorder, while 63.0%(17 cases) though no mental disorder.

结果：（1）93.6％（25/27例）的受访者认为近年自杀者人数明显下降。（2）74.1％（20/27例）的认为服用农药自杀者比例下降，服用"安定类"镇静催眠药物自杀比例上升。（3）66.7％（18/27例）的受访者认为老年人多服用农药自杀，年轻人多服用"安定类"催眠药物自杀。（4）70.4％（19/27例）的受访者称现在自杀抢救成功率高于从前。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

Results 6.9%(12/175) of AIDS patients have selfinflicted wound or suicidal behavior previously, and 50.0% of AIDS patients' intention were free from pain, 35.4%(62/175) AIDS patients had thought suicide or deliberately injuried themselves in the past.

结果 过去曾有过自杀行为的有12人(占6.9%)，其中有6人(50.0%)自杀的主要目的是解脱痛苦；有62人(35.4%)曾想过自杀或故意伤害自己；logistic逐步回归分析结果表明，生活质量和抑郁程度与是否产生自杀行为间差异有统计学意义(P.05)；自杀意念的产生与性别、配偶感染HIV的情况、家庭功能和抑郁程度因素有关。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。