自愿的

It has been held that in determining whether a person is 'ordinary resident' in Hong Kong, the following guidelines were helpful: whether a person is ordinary resident in Hong Kong is a question of fact and degree and must be determined in all the circumstances; a person can have ordinary residence in two countries at the same time; the residence must be voluntary and cannot be forced against the person's free will; involuntariness may negative ordinary residence; and temporary or occasional absences of long or short duration do not negative ordinary residences: See Lau San Ching v Liu, Apollonia (1995) 5 HKPLR 23 at p 28, per Cheung J.

这段意思是说，一个人通常居住的地方是他除了一时或非经常的长期或短暂的离开之外，惯常或正常居住的地方，除非法例特别另定意义，通常居住的地方是指某一个人自愿选择作为当时正常生活定居的地方，无论居期的长短。而且，有很多案例说明，在裁定一个人是否通常居住在香港时，法庭要把这问题从事实和程度的角度处理，而一定要考虑到所有的背景因素。再者，一个人可同时在两个国家通常地居住，而且居住一定要是自愿，而并非被逼。

The terms indebtedness and obligations are （hereinafter collectively referred to as the Obligations） used herein in their most comprehensive sense and include any and all advances, debts, obligations and liabilities of Seller, heretofore, now, or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, and however arising（including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and pro visio n to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

Including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable in华夏学习网idually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

Including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and pro visio n to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

Including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

The terms indebtedness and obligations are （hereinafter collectively referred to as the Obligations） used herein in their most comprehensive sense and include any and all advances, debts, obligations and liabilities of Seller, heretofore, now, or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, and however arising（including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务乍样产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

The terms indebtedne and obligatio are （hereinafter collectively referred to as the Obligatio ） used herein in their most comprehe ive se e and include any and all advances, debts, obligatio and liabilities of Seller, heretofore, now, or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, and however arising（including, without limitation, indebtedne owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expe es, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, a olute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedne may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitatio or whether such indebtedne may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, o ervance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

The terms indebtedness and obligations are （hereinafter collectively referred to as the Obligations） used herein in their most comprehensive sense and include any and all advances, debts, obligations and liabilities of Seller, heretofore, now, or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, and however arising（including, without limitation, indebtedness owing by Seller to third parties who have granted Buyer a security interest in the accounts, chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party; and further including, without limitation, any and all attorneys fees, expenses, costs, premiums, charges and interest owed by Seller to Buyer, whether under the Agreements, or otherwise） whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable in华夏学习网idually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，（包括但不限于，卖方对已用自己的帐户、动产文书或一般无体物向买方提供担保利益的第三方之负债，并进而包括但不限于，卖方在协议等项下欠付买方的全部律师费、支出、费用、保险费、运费和利息），不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

For the mode of legislation, it is suggested that a principle regulations to be made while the detailed applied situation and conditions are specified further in judicial explanation; regarding the applied situation, give four kinds of examples as shortage of capital, mixing of company, property of shareholders, business and personality, avoid the liability of contract and legal liability using of company personality; when making judgment, such three parts as main body, action and results have to be considered. The voluntary creditor and forced creditor consists of prosecutor, those person who abuses the force of company is the defendant who has the act of abusing company personally resulting in bad effect; the responsibility of producing of evident may refer to those of courts of Germany, which is proved by prosecutor, after that, the defendant provides the evident that he has a proper action for the suit of company or his action is not the direct cause for the loss of company; the legal effect of disregarding of corporate personality is to deprive the rights of limited liability of shareholders and shall undertake the affiliated liability according to different situations of company debts, however, it is clear that the legal effect is only limited to the special legal relationship in the specific case; the exercising body is made by court while the corporate personality might not be disaffirmed directly in exerting process; finally, it points out the real essence and also its real sense and difficulties in practice.

对立法模式，建议成文法中只做原则性规定，而具体的适用情形、适用条件等规定可以在司法解释中进一步作出明确规定；对适用情形，根据我国实际列举了资本显著不足、公司与股东财产、业务、人格的混同、利用公司人格规避契约义务和逃避法律义务四种大类；审判时应考虑的要件包括主体、行为、结果三大要件，自愿债权人和非自愿债权人构成原告，对公司有控制力的滥用者为被告，要有滥用公司人格的行为，并有损害的结果产生；举证责任可参照德国法院的做法，由原告提供初步证据证明公司存在滥用公司人格的行为，而后，由被告提供证据证明自己与涉诉公司的关系是正当的，或自己的行为与原告的损失没有因果关系；否认公司人格的法律效果是剥夺股东在个案中的有限责任的权利，视不同情形对公司债务承担连带责任，但应明确法律效力仅限于个案中的特别法律关系；行使主体应由法院的审判庭行使，而不宜在执行程序中直接否认公司法人人格；最后对逆向揭开公司面纱作了探讨，指出其现实意义和实践难点。

Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

我们在上帝面前共同立誓签约，自愿结为一民众自治团体。为了使上述目的能得到更好地实施、维护和发展，将来不时依此而制定颁布的被认为是对这个殖民地全体人民都最适合、最方便的法律、法规、条令、宪章和公职，我们都保证遵守和服从。据此于主后l620年11月11日，于英格兰、法兰西、爱尔兰第十八世国王暨苏格兰第五十四世国王詹姆斯陛下在位之年，我们在科德角签名如下。因为这一段文字，第一次从民众的角度阐述了国家权力的来源：国家是民众以契约的形式合意组建的，国家的公权力来自于民众所度让的部分权利的组合。法律实施的真正力量源于民众对于国家法律合法性与公正性的认同，出于对法律的敬畏而自愿服从，而不是慑于国家暴力。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。