自上而下的

We present a SNMP-based topology discovery algorithm using direct connection theorem and simple connection theorem for judging relationship of switches in subnets. In order to in discover the map of network without SNMP, several key problems such as subnet guessing and multi-address routers are discussed in details. And then a topology discovery algorithm based on primitive protocols is presented. We also deeply study some routing protocols such as OSPF and BGP and propose a routing-protocols-based algorithm for topology discovery.

基于判断交换机互联的直接连接定理和间接连接定理，提出了一种完整的基于SNMP的拓扑发现算法；详细讨论了子网获取、多址路由器处理等关键问题，针对不同的网络环境给出了相应的解决方案，并以此为基础提出了一种基于通用协议的拓扑发现算法；在对OSPF，BGP等网络路由协议进行分析的基础上给出了一种基于路由协议的拓扑发现算法，并设计了一个自上而下的拓扑发现框架结构。

Traditional classical management theory to emphasize the power of top-down strict rules and regulations and the role of the people as a talking machine, in the management activities of the outside world has been exerting great pressure on the foreman sent to carry out strict supervision, resulting in workers Psychological pressure arising from antagonism to the neglect of the social and emotional factors, as well as the role of human initiative and creativity.

传统的古典管理理论强调自上而下的严格的权力和规章制度的作用，把人看成是会说话的机器，在管理活动中施以强大的外界压力，派工头进行严格的监督，造成工人心理上的压力而产生对立情绪，而忽视了人的社会关系和感情因素的作用以及人的主动性和创造性。

The rapid development of standard modules and modular robots is introduced. According to the characteristics of the conceptual design of modular robots and mechanism of case-based reasoning in AI, a new methodology and CAD system, and a top-down case-based reasoning flow are s ug gested.

论文中介绍了近年来发展迅速的模块机器人的标准模块和基本拓扑关系，根据模块机器人概念化设计的特征，结合人工智能应用中基于事例的推理机制，提出了面向任务和基于事例的计算机辅助设计方法和应用软件的框架，以及实现自上而下的计算机推理的流程。

The author probes into the negative factors in the actual teacher evaluation that hinder teacher"s professional evaluation. For example, the disjoint between the evaluation activities and teacher professional activities results in the school"s neglection of teacher"s professional development. The dorminent principle "cute of efficiency" leads to the losing of teacher"s subject. The up-to-down evaluation system . What is more,the actual teacher"s evaluation not only goes against the atmosphere which helps teachers to develop their professions, but alsobrings about the spread of the "diploma education.

诸如：评价活动和专业发展活动的严重脱节导致中小学校对教师专业发展的忽视；效率主义的评价体制下，教师主体性的缺失导致教师缺乏反思的意识和反思的能力；自上而下的评价制度不符合专业组织的特征；现行教师评价不利于在学校内营造专业发展的氛围；重&学历&、重&文凭&的评价导向致使教师不重视在职的学习和提高等等。

Returning to the classical Marxism-Leninism literary theory, the system of literary social value has witnessed adjustment from top to bottom in the new period, resulting in so-called "aesthetic" ideology,"active" theory of reflection and "humanistic" care. At the same time, it has seen total improvement: approval of aesthetic freedom, return and confirmation of subjectness, appreciation and celebration of humanity and humanism, and the opening and evolution of Marxism-Leninism literary theory.

回归经典马列文论，新时期文学社会价值论体系进行了自上而下的调整：&审美的&意识形态，&能动的&反映论和&人性、人民性&关怀；同时在多种社会合力作用下，开始了自下而上的改新：&审美自由、主体性的回归与肯定&，&'人性'、'人文精神'的认同与高扬&，&'马列文论'由封闭走向开放、由独断走向融和&。

The features, facts, experiments and rules of the product design can be encapsulated into various kinds of case libraries by using the technologies of parametric design, feature-based modeling and software integration. Based on "From top to bottom" intelligent assembly design idea, the digital method of design and analysis from the whole design to the parts' design of the stairs and plats of container is accomplished.

综合参数化设计、特征建模和软件集成等技术，将产品的特征和产品中凝聚的知识、经验和规则一体封装，提出了&自上而下&的智能布梯的设计思路，并建立内容丰富的实例库，实现了从集装箱起重机梯子平台总体设计到零部件设计与分析的数字化。

The rapid collapse of the KMT as a result of the surface of the liberation of our heroic army, in fact, is that it invites self-destruction: from top to bottom The extravagance and dissipation, corruption has long been emptied of its body, and the rest of the body is only a forcible-feeble only such power, not wait to attack a foreign enemy has been since the collapse of the potential was, war is not victory or defeat has been opened, but the demise of the last a matter of time.

国民党的迅速崩溃表面看是由于解放大军的英勇善战，实际上是它自取灭亡：自上而下的骄奢淫逸，贪污腐败早已掏空了它的肌体，剩下的只是一个外强中干的躯壳而已，此等政权，不待外敌进攻已自呈瓦解之势，战端未开胜负已分，最后的灭亡只是一个时间问题。

Top-down moralising about frugality and respect for authority is unlikely to impress millions of poor peasants pushed off their land by corrupt cadres who have grown rich by practising the opposite of what Hu preaches.

自上而下的俭朴及迷信权威的教化不像会是腐败的干部强迫数以百万计的农民离开他们的土地。这些贪官变富了，而他们的做法正好与胡主席所鼓吹的正好相反。

The best superiority of new Pan-Islamism was to get the support from many Muslim countries including governments and people, which became actively social thoughts and movements.

新泛伊斯兰主义与纳赛尔主义相比最大的优势是得到众多穆斯林的支持，在实践中既有来自官方的自上而下的倡导，又有群众的自下而上的支持，成为战后伊斯兰世界颇有生气的社会思潮和活动。

The basic idea is to make party's internal operation mechanism healthy with integration of the from above to bottom supervision and that from bottom to above; to construct the wholly-coursed supervision and restriction mechanism with integration of the supervision before, in and behind the matter; to construct all-sided supervision and restriction mechanism with integration of party's internal and external supervision, and to construct the supervision and restriction mechanism of comprehensive governance with integration of self-restriction and outer-restriction, rule of law and rule of morality.

基本思路为：把自上而下的监督和自下而上的监督有机结合，健全党内监督的运行机制；把事前、事中、事后监督有机结合，建立全程化的监督制约机制；把党内监督和党外监督有机结合，建立全方位的监督制约机制；把自律和他律、法治和德治有机结合，建立综合治理的监督制约机制。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。