自上而下

For the trade association in China, the superincumbent institutional force is absolutely indispensable.

对于后进国家而言，为了构建合理的行业协会法律制度，自上而下的制度推动必不可少。

Most of the traditional jurisprudential study are established in official position, so they are limited to tile scope of "state law" and the superincumbent manner of thinking.

传统的法学研究立足于官方立场，拘泥于"国家法"的研究范畴和自上而下的思维方式。

Empowered with the superincumbent rights, our local government has to maximize their own interest and at the same time fulfill their mission from the central government.

在自上而下的国家授权这一行政制度的保护下，我国基层政府将自身利益最大化目标与完成中央政府下达的任务捆在一起，自发地选择了追求增加自身利益、减少农民利益的种种行为方式。

Generally speaking, university curriculum is characterized with high starting point, vivid transplant feature and superincumbent in the process of establishment. After adjustment and transition, university curriculum steps into the period of exploration, and gets free development, while its opposite part is the disordered development.

总体来看，初创时期的大学课程具有起点高、移植特色鲜明和自上而下的统一的特点，探索时期的大学课程在经历了一段时间的调整与过渡后，获得了自由化发展，其反面则是大学课程发展的无序化。

As to our country, with a history of constitution no more than 100 years, there is deeply rooted tradition of rule by man. So the superincumbent system design and concepts cumulating of EU are with great sense of reference to the constitutional structuring, reformation of local autonomy, structuring of CEPA and other free-trade areas.

我国是一个宪政历史不足百年的国家，又有着悠久的封建人治传统，因此欧共体-欧盟的这些自上而下的制度设计和理念蓄积对我国宪政建设、地方自治改革、构建CEPA等周边自由贸易区都有极大的借鉴意义。

Taking the folk position means that researchers of sociology of law put forward, observe, consider arid solve problems from the standpoint of folks. It is in sharp contrast with the superincumbent official position in traditional jurisprudence.

民间立场就是学者在法社会学研究中，倾向于从普通民众的角度来提出问题、观察问题、思考问题和解决问题，它是相对于传统法学所采取的自上而下的官方立场而言的。

The superincumbent blocking idea is exhibited evidently from the system design. The vibration signal sampling and data analysis are operated by system interface, as well as the result are displayed on the computer screen or written to hard disc.

该系统软件部分采用了自上而下的模块化程序设计思想，用户可以在计算机上实现对振动信号的采集、分析处理以及存取显示分析结果等操作。

The fractal theory is discussed used in urban spatial morphology. From the psychologic cognition mechanism aspect, according to cognitive superincumbent process, the indexes system and research frame for quantitatively descriptive urban spatial morphology are constructed.

基于以上研究，笔者探讨了网络分析和特征值分析中的主要指标，即对线状要素描述的主要指标有：方向均值、关联矩阵、邻接矩阵、回路数H、β指数、α指数、γ指数等，对面状要素描述的指标有：圆形率、紧凑度、形状系数、标准面积指数、放射状指数等；并探讨了分形理论在城市空间形态研究中的应用，在此基础上，从心理学的认知机理出发，按照自上而下的认知过程构建了定量描述城市空间形态的指标体系和研究框架。

The hydrothermal gold mineralization occurred in early Yanshanian Period, although the Shuiquangou syenite complex emplaced in Hercynian Period.

矿体具有明显的分层性，自上而下矿石类型由石英脉型向钾、硅化蚀变岩型过渡。

Traditional classical management theory to emphasize the power of top-down strict rules and regulations and the role of the people as a talking machine, in the management activities of the outside world has been exerting great pressure on the foreman sent to carry out strict supervision, resulting in workers Psychological pressure arising from antagonism to the neglect of the social and emotional factors, as well as the role of human initiative and creativity.

传统的古典管理理论强调自上而下的严格的权力和规章制度的作用，把人看成是会说话的机器，在管理活动中施以强大的外界压力，派工头进行严格的监督，造成工人心理上的压力而产生对立情绪，而忽视了人的社会关系和感情因素的作用以及人的主动性和创造性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。