膜样的

The reasons of RA focus on disbalance of immunity net, the effect of so many cytokines and MMPs , and the tumor-like proliferation of fibroblast-like synovicytes in joints, though the cause of developing disease is unknow.

RA的发病过程中，免疫网络失衡，加上成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes，FLS)的类肿瘤样生长及所分泌的大量促炎性细胞因子、趋化因子和金属蛋白酶，是导致关节内炎性细胞聚集，滑膜细胞增生和向周围组织侵蚀及基质降解和破坏的主要因素。

Most aneurysms specimens showed structure changes, including injury of endothelial cell, disrupture or disappearance of the internal elasticlayer, scarce of contractile fiber cells.

动脉瘤瘤壁中有不同程度的单个核细胞成分的浸润(淋巴细胞或单核/巨噬细胞样细胞)，尤其在"中膜"层或"中膜"与内膜交界处较为明显，同时，在细胞集中区伴有数量不等的新生的营养血管，以上改变类似"肉芽组织"样改变。

Under light microscope, on H-E stain section, four types cells can be distinguish: cells with weak basophilic fibrillar elements; cells with acidophilic granular substance; cells with strong basophilic fibrillar elements and ciliated cells. In the basal lamina region under gland epithelium, there are a few connective tissue; Surface view of the hypobranchial gland could be see by scanning electron microscope, there are cilia and different kinds of secretions distributed. Ultrastructure of the hypobranchial gland could be understand by transmission electron microscope, supporting cells, sensory cells and seven types gland cell were observed to form the glandular epithelium; cells with much rough endoplasmic reticulum,smooth muscle fiber and nerve endings were found beneath glandular epithelium, among basal lamina region.

光镜下H-E染色切片中腺上皮区仅可以区分出四种类型的细胞：弱嗜碱性纤维样细胞、强嗜碱性纤维样细胞、嗜酸性颗粒分泌细胞和纤毛细胞等；腺上皮下的基底膜区有少量结缔组织存在；扫描电镜下可以观察到鳃下腺表面的纤毛及腺细胞的分泌物等情况；透射电镜下观察到腺上皮中有支持细胞、感觉细胞和7种类型的腺细胞；近基底膜区观察到富含粗面内质网的细胞；基底膜间为薄层疏松结缔组织，内含肌细胞及神经末梢等结构。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

A total of 19,781 insect individuals belonging to 959 morphospecies, 145 families and 15 orders were collected. The most abundant orders were Diptera (69.68%), Homoptera (11.19%) and Hymenoptera (10.10%). At the family level, Chironomidae (17.67%), Mycetophilidae (12.32%), Cicadellidae (8.32%), Ceratopogonidae (7.56%), Sciaridae (7.39%) and Cecidomyiidae (5.81%) were the most abundant taxa. Although there were little differences in similarity among the three sampling plots, the dominant orders and families in theses plots differed. The meadow had the highest diversity while the spruce forest had the lowest diversity.

结果：三样区共采集到19，781只昆虫，分属15目、145科、959个形态种；各目的组成百分比，以双翅目(69.68%)、同翅目(11.19%)及膜翅目(10.10%)最为优势；在科的类阶，则是以摇蚊科(17.67%)、蕈蚋科(12.32%)、叶蝉科(8.32%)、糠蚊科(7.56%)、黑翅蕈蚋科(7.39%)及瘿蚋科(5.81%)为优势类群；三个样区的相似度差异不大，但是优势类群则不相同；无论丰度、均匀度及多样性指标，箭竹草原样区均高过於云杉林样区及铁杉林样区。

In this study, immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against D2-40, S100, pankeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, brachyury, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in 4 cases of chordoid glioma, 6 skeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, 10 chordoid meningiomas, 16 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, 18 chordomas, 22 low-grade chondrosarcomas, and 27 enchondromas.

本研究中，我们给4例脊索样胶质瘤、6例骨的黏液样软骨肉瘤、10脊索样脑膜瘤、16例骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤、18例脊索瘤、22例低级别软骨肉瘤和27例内生性软骨瘤做了D2-40、S100、pankeratin、上皮膜抗原、brachyury和胶质纤维酸性蛋白的免疫组化染色。

Methods Nuclear β-catenin expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 77 lesions with desmoid-type fibromatosis and 171 other spindle cell lesions, including superficial fibrmoatosis (n=18), nodular fasciitis (n=36), keloid (n=16), scar (n=10), granulation tissue (n=9), synovial sarcoma (n=38), neufibroma (n=13), solitary fibrous tumor (n=12), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n=10), low-grade myxofibrosarcoma (n=3), low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (n=3), and smooth muscle tumor (n=10). In addition, the immunohistochemical expressions of ER-α, ER-β and Ki-67 were examined in all of the lesions with desmoid-type fibromatosis. The nuclear immunohistochemical staining for nuclear βcatenin and ER-β was graded as high level (≥25% of cells), low level (5%-25%) or none.

采用免疫组织化学染色法检测77例韧带样型纤维瘤病和171例其它良、恶性梭形细胞病变（包括结节性筋膜炎36例、浅部纤维瘤病11例、瘢痕疙瘩16例、增生性瘢痕10例、肉芽组织9例、滑膜肉瘤38例、神经纤维瘤13例、孤立性纤维性肿瘤12例、胃肠间质肿瘤10例、低度恶性黏液纤维肉瘤3例、低度恶性纤维黏液样肉瘤3例及平滑肌肿瘤10例）组织中β-catenin核阳性的表达，同时检测韧带样型纤维瘤病中ER-α、ER-β和Ki-67的表达。

We evaluated 350 tumors: 136 ES, including 64 conventional ES, 64 proximal-type ES, and 8 with hybrid features of conventional and proximal-type ES; 54 metastatic carcinomas (22 from lung, 6 breast, 6 stomach, 5 colorectum, 5 kidney, 5 prostate, 5 pancreas); 12 metastatic testicular embryonal carcinomas; 20 metastatic melanomas; 20 epithelioid mesotheliomas; 20 epithelioid angiosarcomas; 10 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas; 24 epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors; 22 myoepithelial carcinomas of soft tissue; 7 anaplastic large cell lymphomas; 5 histiocytic sarcomas; and 10 control MRT of infancy (4 brain, 3 liver, 2 soft tissue, 1 kidney).

我们总共研究了350例肿瘤：136例ES，其中包括64例寻常型ES、64例近端型ES和8例混有前两型特征的混合型ES；54例转移癌（22例来自肺、6例来自乳腺、6例来自胃、5例来自结直肠、5例来着肾、5例来着前列腺、5例来着胰腺）；12例转移性睾丸胚胎性癌；20例转移性黑色素瘤；20例上皮样间皮瘤；20例上皮样血管肉瘤；10例上皮样血管内皮瘤；24例上皮样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤；22例软组织的肌上皮癌；7例间变性大细胞淋巴瘤；5例组织细胞肉瘤；10例作为对照的婴幼儿MRT（4例位于脑、3例位于肝、2例位于软组织、1例位于肾）。

The histopathologic changes included lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration,hyperplasia of synovial cells and small vessels,interstitial fibrosis,hyaline degeneration and cartilaginous metaplasia.The immunohistochemical observations showed that the high expressions of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly different between the pathologic plicae and the control groups（P＜0.01）.The positive expressions of IL-1 and IL-6 were the synovial cells and monocyt-lymph cells in the pathologic synovial plicae.The positive expressions of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 have significant difference between the experiment and control group（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）.The expression of MMP-1 was positive in synovial lining cell,monocyte,fibroblast,endothelial cell in small vessel and chondrocyte.The TIMP-1 expression was detected in the synovial lining cells and a small quantity fibroblast.

结果 正常滑膜皱襞和病理性滑膜皱襞在滑膜细胞增生及小血管增生、间质纤维化及玻璃样变、软骨化生组织学改变方面，差异均有显著性（P＜0.01）；IL-1、IL-6在病理性滑膜皱襞内的增生滑膜细胞、单核及淋巴细胞和在正常滑膜皱襞内的表达差异均有显著性（P＜0.01）； MMP-1、TIMP-1在病理性滑膜皱襞和正常皱襞内的阳性表达，差异具有显著性（P＜0.01，P＜0.05），MMP-1在增生滑膜衬里层细胞、单核和纤维母细胞、血管内皮细胞和软骨化生的软骨细胞呈阳性表达；TIMP-1只在滑膜衬里层细胞和少量纤维母细胞有表达。

Some cell dropped into the cavity and became free. Thrombosis or part organization could be seen. The internal elastic layer became thin, disappear or broken. In internal and middle layer existed fibroblasts, fibrocytes and collagen. Some of the wall indicated hyaline change, soomth muscle cell decreased greatly. The massive inflammatory cells invaded the middle and external layer. There were many foam cells in the capsule tissue. Cytoplasm was filled with fatty tissue and cholesterol. some cavities were full of thrombosis. Some thrombosis was fibrosis, the bottom was organization. The surface of the thrombosis existed red blood cell and librae.(2)Elatic fibrila staining: the internal elastic menbrane almost completely disappeared, the intact internal elastic menbran could be seen in the new small vessels.

动脉瘤管壁厚薄明显不均，全层或局部区域显著变薄向外膨出，内皮细胞空泡变性或坏死脱落，部分内皮细胞剥离并突入管腔成游离状，可见血栓形成及部分血栓机化；内弹力板变薄、消失或突然中断；在内膜及中膜部位主要为纤维母细胞、纤维细胞和大片胶原；部分动脉瘤壁呈均质状玻璃样变，平滑肌细胞明显减少；中膜和外膜可见大量的炎性细胞浸润；瘤壁组织有纤维母细胞、纤维细胞、大片胶原成分及较多泡沫细胞，胞浆内充满脂类物质及胆固醇结晶；部分动脉瘤腔内充满血栓，有的血拴已经纤维化，血栓基部机化，血栓表面有红细胞和纤维素。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。