膜层

Crack propagation leading to decohesion or delamination is one of the major failure.

但在生产与使用过程中膜基界面处容易产生裂纹，裂纹的扩展导致膜层的脱落是使膜层完全失效的主要形式之一。

METHODS We used a dermatome to obtain thin endocardium,midcardium and epicardium transmural strips from left ventricular free wall of canine(weight 15-18 kg) and standard microelectrode techniques to record and measure the transmembrane action potential duration.

结果：①胺碘酮延长内、外膜层心肌细胞的动作电位时程，当基础周长为1 000 m s时，使用胺碘酮后心内膜层肌细胞的APD90由(254±38)m s延长为(274±37)m s(P.01)，外膜层肌细胞的APD90由(205±37)m s延长为(229±16)m s(P.01)；但其明显缩短中层肌细胞的APD，其APD90由(331±50)m s缩短为(290±62)m s(P.01)。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

Based on the above computation, the optimum design of magneto-optical recording media with multi-layer structure was carried out by adopting genetic algorithms.

理论方面：在多层膜结构条件下，采用导纳特征矩阵分析研究了膜系的光学耦合特性，得到了膜层参数对磁光Kerr转角、反射率等的影响。

In order to find a powerful assistant computation tool for further analysis and design of multilayer optical coatings,an analytical model is mathematically established for accurate calculation of the first and second derivatives of the spectral coefficients of multilayer optical coatings with respect to layer parameters like thickness,real refractive index and extinction coefficient. It is based on the matrix theory of calculating the spectral coefficients of multilayer optical coatings and is achieved by perfectly using the trace operation of matrix.

为了寻找一种膜系深入分析与设计的有力辅助计算工具，从光学薄膜光谱系数的矩阵计算理论出发，基于对矩阵求迹运算的巧妙运用，从数学上建立了准确计算膜系光谱系数关于膜层几何厚度、实际折射率和消光系数等膜层参数的一阶和二阶偏导数的解析模型。

The error of the reflectivity contrast that is induced by the error of the thickness of each layer is also given.

同时对各膜层的膜厚误差因子进行了计算，给出了各膜层的膜厚误差对光盘反射率的影响程度。

RESULTS:①Histological structure of rat ciliary body included seven layers: supraciliary, ciliary muscle, stroma, lamina vitrea, pigmented ciliary epithelium, unpigmented ciliary epithelium and inner border.

结果：①睫状体组织结构从外向内可分为7层，即睫状体上腔、睫状体肌层、基质层、玻璃膜、色素睫状上皮层、无色素睫状上皮层和内界膜层。

Fluxible PAA solution is deposited on quartz glass substrate by MicroPendirect-writing deposition process and imidized to polyimide sacrificial layer in oven;Au paste structural layers are fabricated by MicroPen direct-writing deposition technology,and finally released by oxygen plasma dry etching process.Technological procedures and mechanisms of the LMM direct writing technology arestudied systematically by theory analysis and experiments.

在设备和材料体系基础上，系统研究了基于激光-微笔／微喷直写工艺集成制造MEMS牺牲层、结构层及导电电极图形的工艺机理和质量控制规律，结果表明：(1)笔头内径、笔头与基片间距、驱动气压和直写速度是影响微笔直写沉积膜层线宽、膜厚及表面形貌的主要工艺因素。

The metallograph, x-ray diffraction, TEM, EMPA and XPS technigues were used to research the microstructure, phase structure, microhardness, composition, Valence of composed elements, internal stress of coatings, and to measure the wear-resistance and resistance to high-temperature oxidation, too.

文中应用金相分析、X-射线衍射法、透射电镜、电子探针显微分析法和X-射线光电子谱法等手段研究了N膜的显微组织、相结构、显微硬度、膜层成分、组成元素的价态和膜层内应力等性能；还测定了铝合金表面的N膜的耐磨性和抗高温氧化性能。

Taking the single-glass, single-colored glass, single-SUN-E glass, Low－E doubling glass, Low－E hollow glass and the common clear glass which was pasted the function film as examples, through laboratory test, the effect of the glass membranous layer position on the shading coefficient and visible light transmission was analyzed.

以单层白玻、单层有色玻璃、单层SUN-E玻璃、Low－E夹胶玻璃、Low－E中空玻璃、贴有功能膜的普通透明玻璃为例，通过实验室检测方法，分析玻璃膜层位置对玻璃遮阳系数、可见光透射比的影响，并利用PKPM建筑节能分析软件，通过对实际建筑能耗的模拟，分析膜层位置，亦即玻璃正反面安装方位对建筑空调能耗的影响。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。