膜层

In this thesis the planar bilayer lipid membranes inlaid with oxide cholesterol , phosphatidylcholine or cephalin have been prepared .The effects of membranes formulas on membranes stability and zinc ions transfer ability have also been studied.

中文摘要采用氧化胆固醇与磷脂混合作为成膜液制备双分子层脂质膜的方法，研究了制备平板双分子层脂质膜的配方和成膜条件，并对制得的双分子层脂质膜的稳定性、离子通透性、离子选择通过性能、双层膜中氧化胆固醇对通透性的影响等进行了研究。

Cu/Zr nano-multilayer films are prepared by Direct Current magnetron sputtering in the silex substrate, and the box-type furnace is used to anneal. Micro-sclerometer, X-ray Diffractometer and Scanning Probe Microscope are used to analyze the mechanical performance and microstructure of Cu/Zr nano-multilayer films. The relation of process parameters and performance is investigated.

本文利用直流磁控溅射方法在石英玻璃基片上制备了一系列自支撑Cu/Zr纳米多层膜，使用箱式电炉对多层膜进行退火处理，利用显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描探针显微镜表征了多层膜的力学性能与微观结构，研究了不同工艺参数对纳米多层膜性能的影响。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

The trivalent chromium passivation film based on zincate plating obtained has compact structure with no obvious crack, and excellent anticorrosion performance. Different compositions are detected from the surface to inner film, the surface mainly contains Cr2O3-Cr3-ZnO compound, the inner (1030 nm to surface) composes of Cr2O3-ZnO-Zn.The forming process of passivation film possibly consists of four steps which are zinc dissolution, basic area appearance, gelatiniform film forming and converting to passivation film.

结果表明：锌酸盐镀锌层的三价铬钝化膜表面结构致密、无明显裂纹，具有较好的耐腐蚀性能；这种钝化膜表层与里层的组成不同，表层的组成为Cr2O3-Cr3-ZnO共混物；里层(离表层10~30 nm处)的主要组成为Cr2O3-ZnO-Zn共混物；钝化膜的成膜过程可能包括镀锌层的溶解、碱性薄层的形成、胶状膜的形成和胶状膜转化成钝化膜4个步骤。

UV-Vis spectra show that the absorbance values at characteristic wavelengths of the multilayer films increase almost linearly with the number of chitosan/PTA bilayers, suggesting that the deposition process is regular and highly reproducible from layer to layer. XPS and FTIR spectra confirm the incorporation of chitosan and PTA into the films. AFM images indicate that the surface of the multilayer films is rough. The result of CV shows that the multiplayer films maintain good electrocatalytic activity of phosphotungstate acid.

UV-Vis结果显示多层膜在特征吸收峰处的吸光度数值随膜双层数增加逐渐增大，呈良好的线性关系，表明多层膜是均匀组装的；XPS和FTIR结果证实了壳聚糖和磷钨酸被组装到膜上，AFM图形显示膜表面有一定的粗糙度，CV结果说明多层膜保留了磷钨酸的电化学性质。

It indicated that the multiple-layered films were mainly composed by C-F, C=C and Si-O bonging, a little Si-C and Si-F bonding were also existed because of history effect. The bondgap were calculated as 2.7eV. The dielectric constant of the multiple-layered films was close relative to the thickness of the covering layer-SiOx, so the thickness had better be reduce. The bonding configurations of multiple-layered films had no evident changes after 400癈 annealing, the thickness raise very little and the dielectric constant increase 8%. Compared with one-layered a-C:F films prepared in the same conditions, the SiOx/a-C:F/SiOx multiple-layered films had a better thermal stability.

结果表明，多层膜主要由C-F，C=C，Si-O键构成，由于器壁的历史效应，薄膜中还存在少量Si-C和Si-F键；多层膜的光学带隙经计算约为2.7eV；多层膜的介电常数与包层SiO_x厚度有很大关系，应尽可能减小SiO_x厚度；在经历200-400℃的N_2氛围中退火后，多层膜的红外结构没有发生太大的变化：膜厚度稍微增大，介电常数只增加了8％，与同样制备条件下沉积的单层a-C：F薄膜相比具有较好的热稳定性。

The longest lifetime component in PALS results is ascribed to the annihilation of positronium in cavities of PS sample. It is found that 80% of the positrons implanted in PS film have formed positronium atoms. PALS results show that the lifetime of ortho-Positronium has small value when the sample was in oxygen gas medium compared with those in other medium.

正电子湮没寿命谱测试结果表明，样品中存在长达40ns的电子偶素湮没成分，并且进入多孔硅膜层的正电子约有80%形成电子偶素，具有非常高的电子偶素产额；在氧气气氛下，由于气体导致o-Ps发生自旋转化猝灭是使多孔硅样品中电子偶素寿命缩短的主要原因。

The effects of coating time, annealing temperature, and sensitization of merbromin on the optical transmittance of TiO2 films were examined.

所得膜层致密均匀，无孔洞、缺陷以及分层现象，在纳米尺度表现出典型的纳米多孔结构特征。

The coating time of slurry, the annealing temperature, and the adsorption of merbromin have significant influence on the optical transmittance of nanoporous film.

浆料涂覆次数、退火温度、汞溴红吸附对纳米多孔膜层的光学透过率影响显著。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。