脑桥后的

The suboccipital retrosigmoid approach was used on 10 adult head specimens which were fixed and perfused with color silicon, the neurovascular structures and their relationship in cere- bellopontine angles were observed under the operative microscope and endoscope.

选择经10％福尔马林充分固定，血管内灌注混有红、蓝染料的乳胶，不分性别的成人尸头10具，模拟目前临床上最长使用的枕下乙状窦后入路，在手术显微镜和神经内窥镜下，观察小脑桥脑角内的神经血管结构，确认这些神经血管的走行及其之间的解剖关系。

Results Of all 26 patients, 3 cases had posterior inferior cerebellar artery compression on the surface of glossopharyngeal nerve, 2 had arachnoid thickening or synechia around the glossopharyngeal nerve, and 2 cases had space-occupying focus in cerebellopontine angle, confirmed as meningioma and choroid plexus papilloma by pathological examination.

结果 术中发现3例舌咽神经表面有小脑后下动脉压迫；2例舌咽神经根周围有明显的蛛网膜增厚、粘连；2例小脑脑桥角占位性病变，病检为脑膜瘤和脉络丛乳头状瘤。

Following injections of HRP into the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, large number of labeled cell bodies were identified mainly in several ipsilateral hypothalamic and mesencepha lii; nucleus dorsomedialis, nuclei paraventriculaves, medial division of the area lateralis, substantia grisa centralis and ventromedialis of para tegmentum ...

将HRP注入迷走神经背核的尾侧段后，主要见于同侧网状结构的内侧区和中缝核群：脑桥嘴、尾侧网状核、巨细胞网状核、中缝大核、中缝苍白核，中缝背核，蓝斑、蓝斑下核。另外，对下丘脑和中脑旁中央区、中缝大核、巨细胞网状核以及蓝斑复合体传出纤维进行了讨论。

Methods Since 1995,1210 cases （including 67 cases of tumors） of trigeminal neuralgia had received the operation of nervous decompression and combing by approach of postauricular suboccipital to the cerebellopontine angle.

回顾性 分析 1210例三叉神经痛患者的临床资料，采用经内镜下耳后小切口乙状窦后入路小脑脑桥角显微血管减压梳理术式或

Results showed that after injection of HRP into medial recteus subnucleus of oculomotor nucleus,HRP labelled cells were found in contralateral abducens nucleus and also in vestibular nucleus and pontine ...

结果表明：注射HRP于大鼠动眼神经核内直肌亚核后，在对侧展神经核区以及前庭神经核、脑桥旁正中网状结构中发现HRP单标记细胞；在前庭神经核内，可见HRP单标记、GABA阳性和HRP/GABA双标记三类神经元，其中HRP/GABA双标记细胞占HRP标记细胞总数的47.1%。

The most intense immunoreactivity is found in the central body, the newly described precerebral bridge, and the neuropil surrounding of the central body and the mushroom bodies (except for three pairs of optic tubercles). Fainter immunoreactivity appears in the mushroom bodies, postcerebral bridge and three pairs of optic tubercles; The calyces show the weakest immunoreactivity.

中央体、脑前桥及中央体与蕈形体周围的髓质区具有较强的阳性反应；蕈形体和脑后桥和三对视突次之；蕈形体冠5－HT阳性反应最弱。

Results: The results showed that NOS positive neurons existed in all the auditory afferent nucleus while NOS negative neu-rons existed in the superior olivary nucleus. Most of NOS positive neurons in CNC were located in the posterior ventral cochlear nu-cleus ,which were round or oval bipolar neurons. NOS positive neurons were also found in potine widely.

结果：在脑桥的各级听觉传入核团，均有NOS阳性神经元，而上橄榄复合体无NOS阳性神经元；耳蜗核内NOS阳性神经元，主要集中在后腹侧核，为圆形或椭圆型双极神经元；下丘的臂内侧核NOS阳性神经元呈小的、圆形细胞。

There were no statistically differences between the 8th~ 14thday, the 15th - 21th day post-BC and the control group. During the rt~24tkday post-BC , pycnosis degeneration or necrosis neurons of the locus cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, dentate fornix were significantly increased, then decreased gradually, but recovered to normal by the 24thday after BC, and especially in parietal cortex and piriform cortex the necrosis neurons were significantly increased than temporal cortex , and there were no statistically difference berween the left and the right side. Pycnosis degeneration or necrosis neurons in the brainstem reticular formation were markedly increased in the 4thday after BC, and there were no statistically difference among the other groups and the control group.

与对照组相比，BC后在大脑皮质、背侧海马和齿状回部位，固缩变性和不完全坏死细胞数先显著增加(P＜0.05)，然后逐渐减少，至24d基本恢复正常；顶叶、梨状皮质比颞叶皮质变性坏死细胞多，差异有高度显著性(P＜0.01)；大脑左侧比右侧变性坏死细胞稍少但差异无显著性；在BC后4d，脑桥核、斜方体核平面的脑干网状结构中固缩变性和不完全坏死细胞数明显增多(P＜0.05)，其它组间无显著性差异。

While the tissue spaces surrounding a few blood vessels wasAl and Fg positive,no Al or Fg positive cells were observed.In antemortem injurygroup,diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage,cerebral edema,swelling or pyknotic neu-rons could be observed.The axons showed irregular swelling and disconnection at1～3h,marked swelling and disconnection at 6h,and retraction ball at 15h whichwas more remarkable at 24h after injury.The space between myelin sheaths andaxons was increased at 3～6h after injury.Tortuous and wavelike myelin sheathswhich adhered on axons incompletely,or even peeled off could be found from 15hto 24h after injury.Perinuclear lysis of Nissl bodies began at 24h after injury.Thenumber of GFAP positive cells in cerebrum and brain-stem increased significantlyfollowed by decrease,and then increased again,but the time courses of the changesin different areas of brain were not same.Al and Fg positive neural cells,mainlysurrounded blood vessels,with diffuse or peripherally distributed positive matter incytoplasm could be observed at 0.5h after injury.The number of Al or Fg positivecells and the intensity of immunoreaction increased with the time of injury.The areaof SYN positivity in medulla oblongata and pons decreased notably 3～6h afterinjury,then return to normal levels and continued to 24h after injury.

生前损伤组，可见广泛蛛网膜下腔出血，脑组织水肿，神经细胞肿胀，晚期神经元固缩；伤后1～3h见部分神经轴突不规则增粗、断裂，伤后6h断端膨大，伤后15h可见收缩球，至伤后24h更为明显；伤后3～6h可见部分神经髓鞘与轴突之间的间隙增宽，伤后15h髓鞘明显曲折，不完全附着在轴突两侧，甚至剥脱，持续到伤后24h；核周尼氏体减少在伤后24h才开始出现；同一部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目随损伤时间发生改变，先增多（最早在伤后0.5h），达到高峰后减少，其后又有增多趋势，但不同部位的GFAP阳性细胞数目增减的时间过程不尽相同，同时，大脑中的GFAP阳性细胞数目也有改变；伤后0.5h，可在脑干组织中见到Al和Fg阳性神经细胞，主要位于血管周围，阳性物在胞浆中呈弥散性分布，但部分细胞的阳性物仅分布于靠近胞膜的胞浆中而呈环状，随损伤时间延长，阳性细胞数目增多，反应强度增加；伤后3～6h，延髓及桥脑中的SYN阳性物面积减少，其后恢复到正常水平，并持续到伤后24h。

There were no significant differences for the firing rates in the site of contralateral TNC neurons among during pre-CSD,CSD,and post-CSD (P＞0.05).For flunarizine group,the firing rates in the site of ipsilateral TNC neurons during pre-CSD were higher as compared with during CSD(P＜0.05).2.1 There were statistical differences on palasma levels of CGRP and SP among the three groups(P＜0.05).The levels of CGRP and SP in CSD group were higher than control group(P＜0.05).No significant differences on the levels of CGRP and SP in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia were found among the three groups(P＞0.05).2 The number of neurons with positive CGRP and SP immunoreactivity was statistically different in right-sided trigeminal ganglia among the three groups (P＜0.05).The number in fight-sided trigeminal ganglia in CSD group was higher as compared with control group(P＜0.05).The number in right-sided trigeminal ganglia was statistically higher than that in left-sided trigeminal ganglion in CSD group(P＜0.05).3.1 Altered ReHo in ipsilateral pons and other brain regions response to pain such as basal nuclei,thalamus,cingulated gyms and prefrontal cortex was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation). 2 Positive functional connectivity was detected between ipsilateral pons and other brain regions related to pain within pain state and within non-pain state (P＜0.05,corrected by false discovery rate,FDR).Increased functional correlation between ipsilateral pons and other pain-related brain regions such as ipsilateral prefrontal cortex and contralateral subcallosal gyrus was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation).

结果1。对照组未发现CSD；同侧TNC放电频率，CSD中＞CSD后＞CSD前P＜0.05对侧TNC放电频率，CSD前、中、后无统计学差异(P＞0.05氟桂利嗪组同侧TNC放电频率，CSD前＞CSD中(P＜0.05)，CSD前与CSD后及CSD中与CSD后之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。2.1关于放免测定，各组血浆CGRP、SP水平有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，CSD组高于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间均无统计学差异P＞0.05各组之间同侧三叉神经节中CGRP、SP水平未见变化(P＞0.05.2关于免疫组化研究，右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，多重两两比较结果CSD组大于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组之间、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间无统计学差异P＞0.05左侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05CSD组中右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫反应阳性细胞数大于左侧(P＜0.05)。3.1局部一致性分析发现两组患者头痛疼痛状态较非疼痛状态脑活动发生变化的脑区有同侧脑桥以及其他疼痛相关脑区如基底节区、丘脑、扣带回、前额叶皮层等(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正)。2功能连接分析发现疼痛状态与非疼痛状态下主要疼痛相关脑区均与同侧脑桥有功能联系P＜0.05，false discovery rate，FDR校正疼痛状态与非疼痛状态比较，同侧前额叶皮层、对侧胼胝下回等疼痛相关脑区与同侧脑桥之间功能联系增强(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。