脊椎动物

The fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is the principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing and swallowing, and, in human beings, an important organ of speech.

舌，舌头：绝大多数脊椎动物具有的连接于嘴巴下端的多肉、能动、强壮的器官。它是主要的味觉器官，咀嘴和吞食的辅助器官，对于人类，它还是重要的语言器官

Previous studies suggested that two rounds of genome duplications have been involved in vertebrate evolution.

过去的观点认为，在脊椎动物进化历程中曾发生了两次基因组复制。

Comparative studies of immune functions in echinoderms have demonstrated that there is a complement system in echinoderms that appears to have alternative pathway and lectin pathway but lack classical pathway and terminal pathway.

比较免疫学分析表明，棘皮动物存在脊椎动物补体系统的替代途径和凝集素途径，但未发现经典途径和明确的终端途径。

Ribbon-like flatworms that are parasitic in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates.

寄生在人类和其它脊椎动物肠中的带状扁虫。

In lower vertebrates, the pineal gland has an eye like structure and it functions as a light receptor and is considered by some to be the evolutionary forerunner of the modern eye.

在较低等脊椎动物里，松果体有一个类似眼睛的结构而它的功能如同光的受体，一些人认为是现代眼睛进化早期的样子。

And it introduces the collections of microfossils, invertebrates, vertebrates, plants and so on.

而且介绍了它的一些微化石、无脊椎动物、脊椎动物、植物等等的收藏品。

Invertebrates and vertebrates store fat, which in turn controls many diverse aspects of the life cycle.

无脊椎动物和脊椎动物储存脂肪，进而控制许多不同方面的生命周期。

It stresses mammalian behavior but also includes major contributions from studies of other vertebrates and of invertebrates.

这门课程着重哺乳动物行为但也包括来自其他脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的重要研究成果。

"We've taken the snake and turned it into a giant thermometer," says lead author and vertebrate palaeontologist Jason Head of the University of Toronto in Canada, who says he "just about screamed" when he first saw the size of the fossils.

&我们已经将一个巨型体温计放到蛇的某个部位&权威发言人和脊椎动物古生物学家Jason说道--加拿大多伦多大学的校长，他说他刚刚看到这么大的化石时都尖叫了起来。

But on September 23rd, at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology, held in Bristol, England, Anthony Barnosky of the University of California, Berkeley, and Elizabeth Hadly of Stanford University suggested a way to minimise this risk.

然而，9月23日，在英格兰布里斯托尔举行的脊椎动物古生物学会的年会上，来自加州大学伯克利分校的安东尼·巴诺斯基和来自斯坦福大学的伊丽莎白·哈德利提出了一种将风险最小化的方法。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。