脊椎动物

Any of various primitive eellike vertebrates of the class Agnatha,such as a lamprey, lacking jaws and true teeth and having a circular,sucking mouth.

圆口纲脊椎动物一种类似鳗鱼的无颚纲原始脊椎动物，如盲鳗，没有下颚和真正的牙齿，而长着圆形吮吸的嘴

Amphioxus, a cephalochordate, is believed to be the closest living relative of the vertebrate. It is often regarded as an important model animal for phylogenetic studies on the evolution of animals from invertebrate to vertebrate.

文昌鱼是头索动物，被认为是现存的与脊椎动物最接近的无脊椎动物，经常被看作是分析从无脊椎动物到脊椎动物进化过程的一种重要的模式动物。

The results show that the expression of nov mRNA and protein was widely distributed in the CNS of fish, chicken, cattle, dog and cat.

证实，在鱼、鸡、牛、犬、猫这些处于进化的不同阶梯的动物，其中枢神经系统中nov mRNA和蛋白均有广泛的表达，说明nov基因在从低等的脊椎动物进化到高等的脊椎动物的过程中是非常保守的，这种保守性强烈支持这样一种观点，那就是它具有重要的作用。

The cephalochordate amphioxus has been widely regarded as an important model organism which is the clostest living invertebrate relative to the vertebrates.

文昌鱼是现存的与脊椎动物最接近的非脊椎动物，长期以来文昌鱼一直作为研究动物进化和胚胎发育的模式生物，被称为"活化石"。

Because the vertebrates express anatomical characteristics consistently during the process of fetation, many researchers conjectured ancient vertebrates by the characteristics of the animals living nowadays and speculate the origin and the process of evolution.

由於所有的脊椎动物在其胚胎发育中都呈现连续的解剖学特徵，因此过去很多学者都根据现存脊椎动物的形态特徵和在其发育过程中的解剖学特徵假想原始脊椎动物，并推导其进化过程和起源。

A kidneylike organ, being either part of the most anterior pair of three pairs of organs in a vertebrate embryo, disappearing early in the embryonic development of higher vertebrates, but functioning as a kidney in some simple vertebrates, such as the lamprey.

前肾，原肾一肾状器官，是脊椎动物胚胎中三对器官最前面一对的一部分，在高级脊椎动物的早期发育时消失，但在一些初级脊椎动物中作为肾脏，如八目鳗

A kidneylike organ,being either part of the most anterior pair of three pairs of organs in a vertebrate embryo ,disappearing early in the embryo nic development of higher vertebrates,but functioning as a kidney in some simple vertebrates,such as the lamprey.

前肾，原肾一肾状器官，是脊椎动物胚胎中三对器官最前面一对的一部分，在高级脊椎动物的早期发育时消失，但在一些初级脊椎动物中作为肾脏，如八目鳗

Of or characteristic of vertebrate s or a vertebrate .

脊椎动物的脊椎动物的或有脊椎动物特征的

Extant jawless vertebrates, represented by lampreys and hagfishes, have innate immune receptors with variable domains structurally resembling T/B-cell receptors. However, they lack cardinal elements of adaptive immunity shared by all jawed vertebrates: T/B-cell receptors and major histocompatibility complex molecules.

在以七鳃鳗和盲鳗为代表的无颌类脊椎动物中，虽然发现了与有颌类脊椎动物T细胞受体(T-cell receptors， TLRs)、B细胞受体(B-cell receptors， BCRs)可变区具有相似结构的先天性免疫受体，却从未发现有颌类脊椎动物适应性免疫系统的核心组分：TCRs、BCRs、组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex， MHC)。

In this study, the genomic structure and regulatory elements of ApoD from 10 representive species including protozoan, invertebrate, protochordate and vertebrate were analyzed and compared. The genomic structure of ApoD is less conserved in organisms from protostome to deuterostome invertebrates, while it is highly conserved among chordates including amphioxus and verebrates. All four conserved cysteine residues are present in amino acid sequence of deuterostome ApoDs, while there are only two cysteine residues in amino acid sequence of protostomes ApoD. Structure divergence between protostome and deuterostome ApoD proteins suggests their function difference. The majority of regulatory elements are present in nearly all organism ApoD genes ranging from unicellular protozoan to mammals, suggesting that ApoD plays a very fundamental role, and possesses a conserved regulatory mechanism. However, there also exist some specific regulatory elements, which are present only in certain species and may perform some special roles.ApoD mRNA expression in murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts exposed to various stresses such as as hydrogen peroxide and UV light shows dose-dependent increase. And a fly homolog of ApoD, Glial Lazarillo, whose overexpression results in increased resistance to hyperoxia as well as a extension of lifespan under normoxia and resistance to starvation without altering lipid or protein content.

本文首先从生物信息学角度对分属于原生动物、无脊椎动物、头索动物和脊椎动物类群的10种动物ApoD的基因结构及调控区的调控元件进行分析及比较，发现：(1)ApoD基因外显子-内含子结构从原生动物草履虫到原口动物再到后口动物海胆的进化过程中不保守，但在分析的几种脊椎动物中相当保守；(2)文昌鱼ApoD基因扮演从无脊椎动物到脊椎动物承上启下的角色，可能代表了脊椎动物ApoD基因原型；(3)四个半胱氨酸保守位点在后口动物中都存在，而在原口动物中只存在两个，原口、后口动物ApoD蛋白一级结构上的差异反映蛋白功能上可能也存在一定差别；(4)调控区大多数主要调控元件为不同动物共有，说明ApoD主要功能及其表达调控在进化中相当保守；(5)ApoD基因个别调控元件是随着物种进化而出现并开始发挥相关作用，如SF-1；还有一些调控元件在进化过程中还没有发现其规律，这说明ApoD某些功能和基因表达调控模式可能因物种不同而存在一定的差异。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。