胼胝质

Two genes, PEN2 and PEN3, are also necessary for resistance to pathogens and are required for both callose deposition and glucosinolate activation, suggesting that the pathogen-triggered callose response is required for resistance to microbial pathogens.

PEN2和PEN3两个基因对于抵抗病原体也是必要的，胼胝质的沉积和芥子油甙的激活都需要由这两个基因来完成。这表明病原体激发的胼胝质应答对于抵抗病原微生物是必要。

The results showed that: different concentrations of sucrose and boric acid had significant impact on pollen germination, but different concentrations of calcium had no significant impact on pollen germination. It was most appropriate for tube elongation when sugar 150 gL^(-1) and boric acid 100 gL^(-1). Lack of sucrose would lead to the accumulation of callose in top of pollen tube and hold back its growth. The distribution of callose was regular in pollen tube when the medium lacked boric.

结果表明：蔗糖、硼酸浓度间对花粉萌发有显著影响，钙浓度间对花粉萌发的促进作用不明显；蔗糖150 gL^(-1)、硼酸100 mgL^(-1)时最适宜花粉管伸长；蔗糖的缺乏会导致胼胝质在花粉管顶端积累，使其生长停滞，缺硼时胼胝质在花粉管内分布正常。

When pollen germinates on a stigma the growing pollen tubes deposit callose as small plugs, but if the plant is self-incompatible, tubes from its own pollen will deposit more callose, which then blocks the tube, preventing fertilization.

当花粉在柱头上萌发时，生长的花粉管产生少量胼胝质，但如果该植物是自交不亲和的，那么花粉管将产生比较多的胼胝质，可以阻塞花粉管来阻止受精。

Callose staining with particular fluorescence dye-Aniline blue indic-ated that the degradation of callose was delayed.

利用胼胝质特异性荧光染料甲基蓝对花药进行染色，表明突变体胼胝质降解延迟，导致小孢子不能从四分体中释放出来，最终没有花粉粒的形成。

Sometimes, a few of pollen tubles could enter into styles through stigmas, but abnormal callose could deposit in the tubes.

结果表明，诸葛菜花粉很难在3种类型油菜的柱头上黏附和萌发，同时在花粉黏附的部位及其附近柱头乳突细胞内产生大量胼胝质；萌发的少量花粉粒，其花粉管生长迟缓，且发生严重扭曲、肿胀等畸形现象，从而导致其进入柱头也比较困难；少数花粉管能穿过柱头进入花柱，但时常有异常胼胝质沉积在花粉管中。

Outer staminodes 2, obovate, staminode tube longer than corolla tube; callose staminode wholly callose, not petaloid at apex.

外部退化雄蕊2，倒卵形，退化雄蕊筒部长于花冠筒；胼胝质退化雄蕊完全胼胝质，并非瓣状在先端。

The breaking parts of anthers in the four longerstamens were face to the reverse side of pistil and winding,but thedevelopments of the self-compatibility lines were regular.A greatdeal of callose was observed in stigma and pollen tuber both in theself-compatibility and self-incompatibility pollination.

对亲和性授粉和不亲和性授粉的荧光显微观察表明，无论是亲和性授粉还是不亲和性授粉，在柱头组织和花粉管组织中均可以形成大量的胼胝质，未发现胼胝质的产生和数量与自交不亲和性的识别反应有什么因果关系。

Based on principle of pollen abortion, utilizing tapetum of anther cell, mitochondria of tapetum, callose well, process of cell meiosis during formation process of pollen, we adopt genetic transformation to create plant male sterility, such as, exogenous cytotoxin gene, chaperones, anti-sense RNA, degradation of callose ahead of time, disturbing information intercommunion between mitochondria and nucleolus and affected development of pollen sporule by bacteria.

根据花粉败育的原理，利用花药细胞绒毡层、绒毡层线粒体、胼胝质壁、细胞减数分裂过程等花粉形成过程中的不同环节，采取外源细胞毒素基因、分子伴侣、反义RNA技术、提早降解胼胝质、扰乱线粒体与细胞核之间的信息交流和细菌影响花粉小孢子发育等策略，使花粉不能正常形成，从而产生不育花粉，达到产生雄性不育的目的。

In microgametogenesis, callose deposits in tapetal cells and begins to accumulate around microspore nucleus at the early microspore stage, callose deposition around microspore nucleus continues through uninucleate microspere stage.

小孢子早期，绒毡层细胞中积累胼胝质类物质，小孢子核周围也开始沉积胼胝质，逐渐形成完整胼胝质壁；小胞子晚期，绒毡层细胞开始解体，药室内壁细胞开始加厚，其加厚的物质为胼胝质类物质。

Using cytohischemical staining methods, with the results of comparison the dynamics of proteins and polysaccharides in the anthe wall cells and colule cells of different developmental phases in female and male flowers, the anormogenesis of anther tapetum in the inflecting phase of from bisexual flower to unisexual flower was observed. In microspore developed phase, the tapetum functions of preserving and transportingmutritive material for microspore development and of secreting callosal enzyme for decompositing callosal cell lost no normal guadrant formed, of being abnormal meiose of pollen mother cells, and then, the stamen aborted selectively in female flowers and pistil in male flower.

利用细胞组织化学染色技术，对雌、雄花雄蕊花药壁细胞及花药内细胞发育过程中多糖及蛋白质动态进行了比较，实验中观察到雌花在从两性至单性花转变时期雄蕊绒毡层在整个发育过程中表现异常，在小孢子发育过程中未能起到贮藏、转运营养物质供小孢子发育及适时分泌胼胝质酶溶解胼胝质壁的功能，并且花粉母细胞减数分裂异常而未形成四分体结构，进而导致雌花雄蕊选择性败育，而雄花中雌蕊组织也发生了选择性败育过程。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。