胸膜的

The method of diaphragm pleural biopsy with forceps' pleural biopsy trocar is simple, safe and effective.

钳式胸膜活检套管针进行膈肌胸膜活检是一种简单、安全、有效的胸膜活检方法。

What the microscope thinning out the skin tumour malignantly sees has it's characteristic is that the identical tumour of outward appearance forms festival in single's tumour tubercles or naked eyes having the obvious various block of wood Same organization is constitutive.

单个纤维性胸膜间皮瘤。从脏层胸膜生长，平板或肉茎状，肿瘤引起临床症状是由于它们扩大发展，挤压胸内结构使其移位，如能早期诊断，可作手术治疗。②广泛扩散的间皮瘤。此类型侵犯肺叶，浸润膈肌、肋间肌，可通过纵隔胸膜而累及心包和大血管。

The rate of pleural effusion to diagnose is 88.9% under thoracoscopy:tuberculous pleurisy displays mainly pleura hairy nubble and diffuse white millet nubs and pleural thickening,the trabe-form conglutination can been found; and metastatic tumor of pleura shows gray tuberculum impar and inequality of size nodosities with diffused pleural congestive and edema in the CPA and disphragmatic muscle.

结核性胸膜炎主要表现为胸膜多发结节，部分病灶出现弥漫性白色粟粒样结节和胸膜增厚，可见条索状粘连；而转移性胸膜肿瘤主要表现在肋膈角、横膈处的灰白色单结节和大小不等的多结节；非特性慢性炎症性胸膜炎主要为胸膜充血水肿，胸膜增厚纤维增生或粘连，少见有单个或多个结节增生。

The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface.

胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏，深层的胸膜下微血管网致密；胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行，与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接；根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序，常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在，但在铸型上均可见数量不等的"小孔状"结构；低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构，可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。

The vessels from the lung parenchyma branched into the pleural superficial vessels, the interlobular vessels and the subpleural microvessels. The subpleural arterioles also could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. Most subpleural capillary meshes were web-like, and also the small holes and sieve-like meshes occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The interlobular blood vessels and the superficial blood vessels were mutual transitional.

从肺实质内穿出的微血管可发出分支至胸膜面浅层、小叶间隔和胸膜下微血管网中；胸膜下微动脉也可分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网多数呈网络状，也可见到呈"小孔状"的结构和筛网状的血管网；小叶间隔的微血管与胸膜面浅层的微血管之间可以相互移行。

Results (1)Findings characteristics:small vacuole sign,pleural retraction sign and obstructive pneamonia only oppeared in peripheral lung cancer,thin-walled cavity less than 3 cm in diameter should be seen peculiar sign of it,thick-walled inregular cavity could be found in inflammatory pseudotumor and tuberculoma,spiculate protuberance showed mostly in peripheral lung cancer,but appeared in inflammatory lesion too,air bronchogram,pleural tail sign and long spiculation appeared mostly in inflammatory pseudotumor,calcification,pleurae thckening appeared mostly in tuberculoma.

结果（1）征象特点：小泡征、胸膜凹陷征、阻塞性肺炎仅见于周围型肺癌；小于3cm薄壁空洞为周围型肺癌的少见征象之一；炎性假瘤、结核球可出现不规则厚壁偏心空洞；棘状突起除周围型肺癌多见外，炎性病变亦可出现；支气管充气征、长毛刺、胸膜尾征炎性假瘤出现率高；钙化、胸膜肥厚结核球多见。

Results: 15 cases of nodule-type underpleura lung cancer were provided with representative CT appearance. The mainly CT appearance of 23 cases consolidation-type underpleura lung cancer were consolidation under pleura, pleural change, fibre gathering and emphysematous spaces.

结果：15例结节型临近胸膜周围型肺癌具有典型的周围型肺癌的CT表现，23例实变型临近胸膜周围型肺癌以临近胸膜实变影、胸膜改变、纤维条索聚集及肺大泡为主要CT征象，5例渗出型临近胸膜周围型肺癌表现为炎症CT征象。

Resujts:① The distribution of lesions are mostly symmetrical, extensive, predominant in the middle and lower lung fields, and posterior areas in peripheral;② There are so many HRCT findings of lung, ILD is predominant: intralobular interstitial thickening 46 cases (100%), ground-glass opacity 41 cases (89.13%), peribronchovascular or centrilobular interstitial thickening 40 cases (86.96%), interlobular septal thickening 38 cases (82.61%), irregular linear opacity 37 cases (80.43%), small nodular opacity 34 cases (73.91%), subpleural line 27 cases (58.70%), bmnchiectasis or bronchiolectasis 19 cases (41.30%), patch opacity 18 cases (39.13%), expiratory mosaic sign 15 cases (32.61%), interface sign 14 cases (30.43%), honeycombing 12 cases (26.09%), emphysema or bulla 3 cases, cystic airspace suspected 1 case, and atelectasis suspected 1 case;③ Mediastinum and pleura: multiple small lymphonodi in mediastinum 41 cases (89.13%), pleural thickening or rough 38 cases (82.61%), esophagoectasis 11 cases (23.91%), unilateral little pleural fluid 1 case, and mediastinal emphysema 1 case.

结果：①皮肌炎肺部病变分布呈对称、广泛、偏中下、偏外后的特点；②肺部HRCT表现多样，以肺间质性改变为主：小叶内间质增厚46例(100%)，磨玻璃影41例(89.13%)，支气管血管束增宽或小叶核心增大40例(86.96%)，小叶间隔增厚38例(82.61%)，不规则纤维索条影37例(80.43%)，结节影34例(73.91%)，胸膜下线27例(58.70%)，支气管或细支气管扩张19例(41.30%)，斑片影18例(39.13%)，呼气相马赛克征15例(32.61%)，界面征14例(30.43%)，蜂窝影12例(26.09%)，肺气肿或肺大泡3例，单纯囊状气腔1例，肺不张l例；③纵隔及胸膜：纵隔小淋巴结影41例(89.13%)，胸膜增厚或毛糙38例(82.61%)，食管扩张11例(23.91%)，单侧少量性胸腔积液1例，纵隔气肿1例。

The pleural superficial, subpleural and parenchymal vacular networks were denser, and the range of the microvessels in diameter were larger, and the proceeding distance of the subpleural arteriole and its branches were longer in the adult yak lung than those in the adult cattle lung. However, the anastomosing between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks were more often found in the adult cattle lung than that in the adult yak.

成年牦牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管网、胸膜下微血管网以及肺实质内的微血管网比成年黄牛致密；成年牦牛肺微血管的管径范围比黄牛的大；成年牦牛肺胸膜下微动脉及其分支的走行路径比成年黄牛的长；而成年黄牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间的吻合比成年牦牛更为常见。

In malignant room skin tumour early phase can see something without the aid of instruments in regular or opaque dirty tier or wall have a lot of white or the gray pellet and form festival or the lamina on tier of pleurae Piece with the development of tumour change thickly long and change thickly long full pleura surface tubercle the tumour tubercle stretches room skin to all sides postpone continuing becoming movie cyst lungs uses the person The cellar is getting smaller as shrinking more and makes to be put into much trouble inclining a chest wall subside.

在恶性间皮瘤早期，肉眼可见在正常或不透明的脏层或壁层胸膜上有众多白色或灰色颗粒和结节或薄板块，随着肿瘤的发展，胸膜表面愈来愈变厚，长满结节，间皮瘤结节向四方伸延，连续成片，包囊肺脏使其窖越缩。。。在恶性间皮瘤早期，肉眼可见在正常或不透明的脏层或壁层胸膜上有众多白色或灰色颗粒和结节或薄板块，随着肿瘤的发展，胸膜表面愈来愈变厚，长满结节，间皮瘤结节向四方伸延，连续成片，包囊肺脏使其窖越缩越小

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。