胸膜外的

A window of adherent pericardium has been opened to reveal the surface of the heart.

心脏壁层胸膜被打开显示心脏的心外膜。

Methods The peripheral blood,bone tissue,lesion skin and pleura samples of the patient were collected.

方法收集1例MAS患者的外周血、病变骨组织、皮肤及胸膜组织样本，分别提取基因组DNA并对目的片段进行PCR扩增和直接测序。

Less common is an extrapleural pneumonectomy, in which the lung, lining of the inside of the chest, the hemi- diaphragm and the pericardium are removed.

不太常见的是肺胸膜外，其中肺癌，衬砌内的胸口，在半隔膜和心包被删除。

Radical surgery with extrapleural pneumonectomy and adjuvant treatments has become the preferred option in early disease, but the benefits of such an aggressive approach have been questioned because of significant treatment-related morbidity and mortality.

因此，多学科综合治疗得以发展，联合胸膜外肺切除术和辅助治疗的根治性手术成为早期病例的首选，但该法损伤性大且疗效因与该治疗相关的发病率和死亡率明显升高而饱受质疑。

Methods Ultrasonic examination and angiography were made to 55 cases with patent ductus arteriosus, the diameter of ductus arteriosus, the length and shape were measured; individual minimally invasive treatment was selected according to the individual characteristics, such as transcatheter closure, subaxillary small incision or extrapleural ligation.

对收治的55例动脉导管未闭患者经超声及放射造影检查，对动脉导管的直径、长度和形态作出评估，并针对不同特点选择个体化方案，进行介入封堵、腋下小切口或胸膜外结扎等微创治疗。

Solitary fibrous tumor is an uncommon mesenchymal tumor of the pleural cavity, increasingly recognized at numerous extrathoracic sites, including, among others, prostate, kidney, and thyroid.

背景资料：孤立性纤维肿瘤是一种罕见的胸膜腔间充质肿瘤，逐渐熟悉到在胸腔外多个部位发生，包括前列腺，肾脏和甲状腺等部位。

METHODS: In this systematic review of randomized trials weevaluated thoracic epidural, paravertebral, intrathecal, intercostal,and interpleural analgesic techniques, compared to each otherand to systemic opioid analgesia, in adult thoracotomy.

在这项随机试验的系统综述中作者评估了胸部硬膜外、椎旁、鞘内注射、肋间和胸膜间等镇痛技术在成人的开胸手术中的应用的相互比较，并与全身应用阿片类药物镇痛比较。

Resujts:① The distribution of lesions are mostly symmetrical, extensive, predominant in the middle and lower lung fields, and posterior areas in peripheral;② There are so many HRCT findings of lung, ILD is predominant: intralobular interstitial thickening 46 cases (100%), ground-glass opacity 41 cases (89.13%), peribronchovascular or centrilobular interstitial thickening 40 cases (86.96%), interlobular septal thickening 38 cases (82.61%), irregular linear opacity 37 cases (80.43%), small nodular opacity 34 cases (73.91%), subpleural line 27 cases (58.70%), bmnchiectasis or bronchiolectasis 19 cases (41.30%), patch opacity 18 cases (39.13%), expiratory mosaic sign 15 cases (32.61%), interface sign 14 cases (30.43%), honeycombing 12 cases (26.09%), emphysema or bulla 3 cases, cystic airspace suspected 1 case, and atelectasis suspected 1 case;③ Mediastinum and pleura: multiple small lymphonodi in mediastinum 41 cases (89.13%), pleural thickening or rough 38 cases (82.61%), esophagoectasis 11 cases (23.91%), unilateral little pleural fluid 1 case, and mediastinal emphysema 1 case.

结果：①皮肌炎肺部病变分布呈对称、广泛、偏中下、偏外后的特点；②肺部HRCT表现多样，以肺间质性改变为主：小叶内间质增厚46例(100%)，磨玻璃影41例(89.13%)，支气管血管束增宽或小叶核心增大40例(86.96%)，小叶间隔增厚38例(82.61%)，不规则纤维索条影37例(80.43%)，结节影34例(73.91%)，胸膜下线27例(58.70%)，支气管或细支气管扩张19例(41.30%)，斑片影18例(39.13%)，呼气相马赛克征15例(32.61%)，界面征14例(30.43%)，蜂窝影12例(26.09%)，肺气肿或肺大泡3例，单纯囊状气腔1例，肺不张l例；③纵隔及胸膜：纵隔小淋巴结影41例(89.13%)，胸膜增厚或毛糙38例(82.61%)，食管扩张11例(23.91%)，单侧少量性胸腔积液1例，纵隔气肿1例。

Results On conventional CT, pulmonary window revealed widespread intraalveolar calcifications of both lungs concentrating in the subpleural parenchyma of the middle and lower lobes.

结果常规CT表现：肺窗示肺实质内有无数细小散在的粟粒结节，以中下肺的外周部密集，其CT值为200～400HU，多合并不同程度的肺气肿及间质纤维化；纵隔窗示细结节影最密集区常呈沿胸膜的线带状或散在的点簇状钙化，形成&火焰征&及&白描征&。

HRCT scan showed peripheral area of ground-glass attenuation adjacent to subpleural honeycombing in one patient,and diffusely distributed ground-glass opacity in another patient.Two patients had received cortieosteroid treatment.For one patient, the symptoms improved, and ground-glass attenuation adjacent to subpleural honeycombing had almostly resolved.The other patient died of respiratory failure.

其中1例患者的双肺新出现的磨玻璃影，沿胸膜下蜂窝肺外周分布；另1例患者HRCT表现为新出现的磨玻璃影呈弥漫性分布。2例患者均接受激素治疗。1例患者气紧、咳嗽症状明显缓解，胸部HRCT的磨玻璃样影基本吸收；另1例患者死于呼吸衰竭。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。