胸膜内的

The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the constrictions of smooth muscle cells and round imprints of endothelial nuclei occurred on the surface of the subpleural and parenchymal arteriole and venule.

肺胸膜面浅层微血管的铸型表面光滑，胸膜下和肺实质内微动脉和微静脉的铸型表面可见平滑肌细胞形成的缩窄，以及圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。

The pleural superficial blood vessels were smooth, while the circular and oblique constrictions of smooth muscle cells occurred on the surface of the subpleural arteriole, venule and parenchymal venule. The round imprints of endothelial nuclei were found on the cast surface of the arteriole and venule.

胸膜面浅层的微血管铸型表面光滑，胸膜下微动脉或微静脉以及肺实质内微静脉的表面可以见到呈环形或斜形的平滑肌细胞的压迹，微动脉和微静脉的表面可见圆形内皮细胞核的压痕。

RESULTS: The morbidity of this kind fistula was 1.83%(4/219) in our hospital. All the 5 patients suffered fistula 1-13 days after esophagogastrostomy; bronchopleural fistula occurred in 2 patients.

结果：本组三切口食管癌手术的颈部吻合口内瘘的发生率为1.83%(4/219)。5例患者内瘘发生时间为术后第1~13天，其中2例合并支气管胸膜瘘。

A cleft or infolding of the visceral pleura will form if the rate of pleural fluid formation exceeds that of alveolar air absorption.

如果胸膜渗液形成的速度超过肺泡吸收的速度，在脏层胸膜将形成裂隙或内折。

A cleft or infolding of the isceral pleura will form if the rate of pleural fluid formation exceeds that of aleolar air absorption.

如果胸膜渗液形成的速度超过肺泡吸收的速度，在脏层胸膜将形成裂隙或内折。

Resujts:① The distribution of lesions are mostly symmetrical, extensive, predominant in the middle and lower lung fields, and posterior areas in peripheral;② There are so many HRCT findings of lung, ILD is predominant: intralobular interstitial thickening 46 cases (100%), ground-glass opacity 41 cases (89.13%), peribronchovascular or centrilobular interstitial thickening 40 cases (86.96%), interlobular septal thickening 38 cases (82.61%), irregular linear opacity 37 cases (80.43%), small nodular opacity 34 cases (73.91%), subpleural line 27 cases (58.70%), bmnchiectasis or bronchiolectasis 19 cases (41.30%), patch opacity 18 cases (39.13%), expiratory mosaic sign 15 cases (32.61%), interface sign 14 cases (30.43%), honeycombing 12 cases (26.09%), emphysema or bulla 3 cases, cystic airspace suspected 1 case, and atelectasis suspected 1 case;③ Mediastinum and pleura: multiple small lymphonodi in mediastinum 41 cases (89.13%), pleural thickening or rough 38 cases (82.61%), esophagoectasis 11 cases (23.91%), unilateral little pleural fluid 1 case, and mediastinal emphysema 1 case.

结果：①皮肌炎肺部病变分布呈对称、广泛、偏中下、偏外后的特点；②肺部HRCT表现多样，以肺间质性改变为主：小叶内间质增厚46例(100%)，磨玻璃影41例(89.13%)，支气管血管束增宽或小叶核心增大40例(86.96%)，小叶间隔增厚38例(82.61%)，不规则纤维索条影37例(80.43%)，结节影34例(73.91%)，胸膜下线27例(58.70%)，支气管或细支气管扩张19例(41.30%)，斑片影18例(39.13%)，呼气相马赛克征15例(32.61%)，界面征14例(30.43%)，蜂窝影12例(26.09%)，肺气肿或肺大泡3例，单纯囊状气腔1例，肺不张l例；③纵隔及胸膜：纵隔小淋巴结影41例(89.13%)，胸膜增厚或毛糙38例(82.61%)，食管扩张11例(23.91%)，单侧少量性胸腔积液1例，纵隔气肿1例。

Objective:To investigate the clinic effect of intrapleural urokinase in treatment of pleural thickening and loculated effusions by tuberculous pleural effusion.

目的 ：探讨胸膜腔内注入尿激酶(urokinase，UK)对结核性渗出性胸膜炎所致胸膜肥厚和粘连包裹性积液的影响。

Increases in Penh alues after methacholine challenge were also correlated with increased intrapleural pressure, measured ia an esophageal tube.

乙酰胆碱激发后Penh的增高也与胸膜腔内压的增高相关联，这可通过食管内导管测定。

Patients in treatment group were treated with ultrasound-guided drainage, followed by intrapleural injection of 125, 000 IU urokinase （diluted by 50 ml normal saline）, including 14 patients with pleural thickness〉 5 mm.

治疗组40例分为A，B两组，给予胸腔穿刺抽液引流并胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗，其中胸膜增厚〉5mm 14例为B组；对照组36例分为C，D两组，给予反复胸腔穿刺抽水治疗，其中胸膜增厚〉5mm 13例为D组；治疗组和对照组患者其他临床资料无差别，具有可比性；注药24h后抽液，B超定点测定首次注药前后的抽液量、胸膜厚度、纤维素分隔积分，差值结果作单因素卡方检验。

METHODS: Using thoracic computed tomography scans of 100 adults,we measured the distance from skin surface to pleura and tointrathoracic structures at the level of the sternal angle atthe midhemithoracic line, and at the level of the xiphoidprocess at the anterior axillary and midaxillary lines, as wellas the distance from the sternal midline to internal mammaryvessels.

通过对100位成年人进行胸部 CT 扫描，我们测量出胸半中线上胸骨角平面及腋前线和腋中线上剑突平面上皮肤表面至胸膜和胸腔内结构的距离及胸骨中线至内乳血管的距离。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。