胸膜

Results 4 cases were treated by thoracic close drainage as long term treatment; 6 cases were cured with exclusive thoracic close drainage; 123 cases of bronchopleural fistula were treated with decortication or thoracoplasty after their symptoms of ardent fever, cough and expectoration vanished due to drainage ; 23 cases of hronchopleural fistula were treated with thoracic close drainage, cleaning up focus of infectionrestoring fistulae-splanchnic wall decortication and repeated chest drainage ,4 cases were cured and the extent of operation and thoracic deformity in 19 cases were diminished.

结果 4例不能耐受进一步手术者采用闭式引流术作为永久性的治疗；6例单纯引流治愈；123例因支气管胸膜瘘等经引流后高热、咳嗽、咳痰等症状消失，择期行胸膜纤维板剥脱术或胸廓成形术；23例合并支气管胸膜瘘拟行胸廓成形术的患者，经引流、病灶清除-瘘修补-脏层纤维板剥脱术、再引流，4例治愈，19例减小了手术范围及胸廓畸形的程度。

The method of diaphragm pleural biopsy with forceps' pleural biopsy trocar is simple, safe and effective.

钳式胸膜活检套管针进行膈肌胸膜活检是一种简单、安全、有效的胸膜活检方法。

The rate of pleural effusion to diagnose is 88.9% under thoracoscopy:tuberculous pleurisy displays mainly pleura hairy nubble and diffuse white millet nubs and pleural thickeningthe trabe-form conglutination can been found; and metastatic tumor of pleura shows gray tuberculum impar and inequality of size nodosities with diffused pleural congestive and edema in the CPA and disphragmatic muscle.

结核性胸膜炎主要表现为胸膜多发结节，部分病灶出现弥漫性白色粟粒样结节和胸膜增厚，可见条索状粘连；而转移性胸膜肿瘤主要表现在肋膈角、横膈处的灰白色单结节和大小不等的多结节；非特性慢性炎症性胸膜炎主要为胸膜充血水肿，胸膜增厚纤维增生或粘连，少见有单个或多个结节增生。

The rate of pleural effusion to diagnose is 88.9% under thoracoscopy:tuberculous pleurisy displays mainly pleura hairy nubble and diffuse white millet nubs and pleural thickening,the trabe-form conglutination can been found; and metastatic tumor of pleura shows gray tuberculum impar and inequality of size nodosities with diffused pleural congestive and edema in the CPA and disphragmatic muscle.

结核性胸膜炎主要表现为胸膜多发结节，部分病灶出现弥漫性白色粟粒样结节和胸膜增厚，可见条索状粘连；而转移性胸膜肿瘤主要表现在肋膈角、横膈处的灰白色单结节和大小不等的多结节；非特性慢性炎症性胸膜炎主要为胸膜充血水肿，胸膜增厚纤维增生或粘连，少见有单个或多个结节增生。

The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface.

胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏，深层的胸膜下微血管网致密；胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行，与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接；根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序，常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在，但在铸型上均可见数量不等的"小孔状"结构；低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构，可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。

The vessels from the lung parenchyma branched into the pleural superficial vessels, the interlobular vessels and the subpleural microvessels. The subpleural arterioles also could be divided into arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. Most subpleural capillary meshes were web-like, and also the small holes and sieve-like meshes occurred in the subpleural microvascular networks. The interlobular blood vessels and the superficial blood vessels were mutual transitional.

从肺实质内穿出的微血管可发出分支至胸膜面浅层、小叶间隔和胸膜下微血管网中；胸膜下微动脉也可分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网多数呈网络状，也可见到呈"小孔状"的结构和筛网状的血管网；小叶间隔的微血管与胸膜面浅层的微血管之间可以相互移行。

Results: 15 cases of nodule-type underpleura lung cancer were provided with representative CT appearance. The mainly CT appearance of 23 cases consolidation-type underpleura lung cancer were consolidation under pleura, pleural change, fibre gathering and emphysematous spaces.

结果：15例结节型临近胸膜周围型肺癌具有典型的周围型肺癌的CT表现，23例实变型临近胸膜周围型肺癌以临近胸膜实变影、胸膜改变、纤维条索聚集及肺大泡为主要CT征象，5例渗出型临近胸膜周围型肺癌表现为炎症CT征象。

Results There were 4 type of TP. Type Ⅰ was simple exudation pleuritis; Type Ⅱ was simple local lesion; Type Ⅲ was exudation and local lesion; Type Ⅳ was chronic pleural lesion.

结果 结核性胸膜炎CT表现分 4型：Ⅰ型单纯性渗出性胸膜病变，Ⅱ型单纯性局限性胸膜病变，Ⅲ型渗出及局限性胸膜病变共存，Ⅳ型慢性胸膜改变。

The pleural superficial, subpleural and parenchymal vacular networks were denser, and the range of the microvessels in diameter were larger, and the proceeding distance of the subpleural arteriole and its branches were longer in the adult yak lung than those in the adult cattle lung. However, the anastomosing between the pleural superficial and the subpleural vascular networks were more often found in the adult cattle lung than that in the adult yak.

成年牦牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管网、胸膜下微血管网以及肺实质内的微血管网比成年黄牛致密；成年牦牛肺微血管的管径范围比黄牛的大；成年牦牛肺胸膜下微动脉及其分支的走行路径比成年黄牛的长；而成年黄牛肺胸膜面浅层的微血管与胸膜下微血管之间的吻合比成年牦牛更为常见。

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在恶性间皮瘤早期，肉眼可见在正常或不透明的脏层或壁层胸膜上有众多白色或灰色颗粒和结节或薄板块，随着肿瘤的发展，胸膜表面愈来愈变厚，长满结节，间皮瘤结节向四方伸延，连续成片，包囊肺脏使其窖越缩。。。在恶性间皮瘤早期，肉眼可见在正常或不透明的脏层或壁层胸膜上有众多白色或灰色颗粒和结节或薄板块，随着肿瘤的发展，胸膜表面愈来愈变厚，长满结节，间皮瘤结节向四方伸延，连续成片，包囊肺脏使其窖越缩越小

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。