胶质细胞

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；细胞迁移；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；底板；神经管；轴索；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；细胞迁移；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neuraxis; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neuroblastoma cells; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层神经脊；神经板；底板；轴索；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；成神经细胞瘤细胞；细胞迁移神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经脊；神经板；底板神经管；轴索；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；细胞迁移；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Neuroectoderm; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; cell migration; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索成神经细胞神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；细胞迁移；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Using GSA-〓 lectin histochemistry, the first appearance of microglia occurred at E13, usually stained as scattered amoeboid cells. From then on, the number of microglia increased steadily, reached a peak at postnatal day 7 (P7), and then reduced gradually to adult level. Generally the morphological form of microglia undergoes transformation from early rounded or ameboid to adult resting ramified as they differentiate during development.

使用凝集素GSA-〓亲和组织化学染色，本实验最早观察到小胶质细胞在胚胎13天（E13），为散在分布的圆形或阿米巴样细胞，随后细胞数量逐渐增多；总体而言小胶质细胞的形态遵循着由圆形或阿米巴样逐渐转向纤细分枝状的演变规律，不同阶段细胞形态各有其特点，在不同区域也存在差异；小胶质细胞的数量在生后第七天（P7）达到高峰，其后开始逐步降低直至成年。

We introduced improved primary mixed glial culture and different-attachment method to isolate and purify the OPCs, the cells were proliferated in serum-free medium, flow cytometry and immunohischemistry methods were employed to estimate the purity of cultured OPCs. Their abilities of differentiation and expression of trophic factors were identified by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Several methods including TUNEL and MTT were adopted to estimate the protective effects of conditioned culture medium from oligodendrocyte lineage cells on the primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Intravitreal transplant of OPCs, combined with retrograde fluorescent labeling the superior colliculus and intraorbital optic nerve transection, were used to investigate the protective effects of OPCs on the axotomized RGCs in vivo. Intravitreal transplantof OPCs or NSCs on the newborn rats, and retinal transplant of OPCs on the young rats were performed, to observe the myelin formation in the retina at different stages after cellular transplantation. Optic nerve transection was carried out on some rats with myelinated retinae, to study the influence of myelination on the injuried RGCs.

为此，本研究采用改良的胶质细胞混合培养与差速贴壁方法获得大鼠OPCs，使用无血清培养基进行扩增、培养，用免疫组织化学和流式细胞技术对培养细胞的纯度进行鉴定，对少突胶质系细胞表达部分营养因子的情况进行检测；采用TUNEL、MTT等方法对少突胶质系细胞条件培养基对原代培养小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用进行检测；将OPCs移植入成年SD大鼠玻璃体内，利用上丘逆行荧光标记技术，观察眼内移植的OPCs对眶内视神经切断时的视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其持续时间；将OPCs或NSCs移植入新生和幼年SD大鼠玻璃体或视网膜内，观察不同时期视网膜内髓鞘形成与分布特点，分析髓鞘的超微结构，并观察眼内髓鞘形成对损伤神经节细胞的保护作用。

Neuroectoderm; neural crest; neural plate; floor plate; neural tube; neuraxis; neurulation; neuroblasts; neural stem cells; neuroprogenitor cells; stem cells; differentiation; ontogeny; morphogenesis; histogenesis; organogenesis; synaptogenesis; gangliogenesis; embryogenesis; axonogenesis; retinogenesis; gliogenesis; glial progenitor cells; oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; retinal progenitor cells; nerve growth factor; neurotrophic factors; trophic factors; growth factors; neural tube defects; anencephaly; spina bifida; neuroblastoma cells; neurogenesis; development; developmental stages

神经外胚层；神经脊；神经板；底板；神经管；轴索；神经胚形成；成神经细胞；神经干细胞；神经母细胞；干细胞；分化；个体发生；形态发生；组织发生；器官发生；突触发生；神经节发生；胚胎发生；轴突发生；视网膜发生；神经胶质发生；神经胶质祖细胞；少突神经胶质细胞祖细胞；视网膜祖细胞；神经生长因子；神经营养因子；营养因子；生长因素；神经管缺陷；无脑；脊柱裂；成神经细胞瘤细胞；神经发生；发展；发育阶段

Cyte including protoplasmic astrocyte and fibrous astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia, and epen

细胞和纤维型星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和室管膜细胞；在周围神经系统中

Human hair keratin ; spinal cord injury ; rat ; tissue engineering ; tissue-engineered spinal cord ; connector ; morphology ; praxiology ; neuron ; axis-cylinder ; nerve fiber ; myelin sheath ; astrocyte ; oligodendrocyte ; microglia ; ependymal cell ; neural stem cells ; macrophage ; multinuclear giant cell ; lysosomal enzyme ; ubiquitin system ; suppression subtractive hybridization ; gene express ; CytohromeoxidaseⅢ; amino acid transporter system A2（Ata2）; Peroxiredoxins 5（prd 5）; cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin c

国家自然科学基金；广东省自然科学基金人发角蛋白；脊髓损伤；大鼠；组织工程学；组织工程化脊髓；桥接物；形态学；行为学；神经元；轴突；神经纤维；髓鞘；星形胶质细胞；少突胶质细胞；小胶质细胞；室管膜细胞；神经干细胞；巨噬细胞；多核巨细胞；溶酶体酶；泛素肽酶系；抑制消减杂交；基因表达；细胞色素氧化酶Ⅲ；氨基酸转运蛋白系统A2；抗过氧化物蛋白5；半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷