胰岛素

After 8 weeks, the changes in the levels of blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, CRP and the grade of traditional Chinese medicine individual event symptom and general integral symptom were observed. Apply the formular to evaluate the pancreas's function.

观察试验前后各组的血糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、C反应蛋白及中医证候总分和单项症状评分的变化；应用胰岛素敏感性指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、β细胞分泌指数计算胰岛β细胞功能的改善情况。

As result in this study, gluconeogenesis in liver may be diminished and glycogenesis may be enhenced.

同组别中以胰岛素刺激与否比较，发现生理水组、6mg组有胰岛素刺激的PKB Thr308调节部位磷酸化蛋白质表现皆显著低於没有胰岛素刺激，推测可能因为时间过久，导致其蛋白质已经去磷酸化了；3mg组则去磷酸化过程较缓慢，所以表现量还是较没有刺激时高。

The comparisons of biochemistry between OP and OR rats The differences between OP and OR rats included not only body weight, but lipids metabolism and insulin sensitivity as well, characterized with insulin resistance, increasing in serum free fatty acids and ketone body, and hepatic TC and TG in OP rats. However, no significant differences were observed in serum TG, TC, LDL, HDL and fasting glucose between OP and OR rats.⑶Comparisons of metabolites in serum, urine and liver tissue between OP and OR rats①There were significant differences in amino acids concentration between OP and OR rats,especially in liver tissue, such as high concentrations in ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids in OP rats, suggesting differences in amino acids metabolism;② The different metabolites between OP and OR rats included increasing of various saturated fatty acids and decreasing of polyunsaturated fatty acids in OP rats;③The urinary metabolites analysis indicated that different structure or metabolism of gut microflora might exist between the two phenotypes, which probably influenced the regulation of body weight gain;④The end-products of catecholamines in urine and intermediates of krebs cycle in serum in OP rats were all up-regulated, suggesting that the activity of sympatheic nervous system and energy metabolism was higher in OP rats than OR rats.

胰岛素耐受实验和胰岛素敏感指数表明OP动物的胰岛素敏感性较OR动物下降，而OP大鼠血清中游离脂肪酸、酮体、肝脏总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平显著升高；但是，OP与OR大鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白和空腹血糖等的水平并无显著性差异；⑶肥胖易感与肥胖抵抗大鼠血清、尿液和肝脏组织提取物中代谢物的比较研究表明：①OP与OR大鼠的血清、尿液和肝组织提取物中多种氨基酸的含量存在显著差异，并以肝组织中的差异氨基酸数量为最多，包括各种生酮和生糖氨基酸水平在OP组的升高，说明氨基酸代谢的差异是两种体重表型大鼠之间存在的重要差异特征之一；②OP与OR动物肝脏和血清差异代谢物中包含多种饱和长链脂肪酸的升高如十四烷酸、十六烷酸、硬脂酸等和多不饱和脂肪酸的下降如亚油酸和花生四烯酸，说明两种体重表型动物的肝脏脂肪酸代谢存在明显差异；③长期高脂饮食喂养后，动物的尿液代谢物分析表明OP与OR动物体内的肠道菌群结构存在差异，这些菌群上的差别可能在动物体重增长的调节上产生影响；④与OR动物相比，OP动物尿液代谢物中儿茶酚胺类递质的代谢终产物如高香草酸、扁桃酸和4-羟基苯乙酸明显升高。

This heterogeneous phenotype (insulin resistance with respect to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity with respect to lipogenesis) seems to be a typical behavior of the liver able to explain simultaneously all the metabolic features of the insulin resistance syndrome.

肝脏的这种异质性表型(与葡萄糖代谢有关的胰岛素抵抗状态及与脂肪合成有关的胰岛素敏感状态)可能是胰岛素抵抗综合征所有代谢异常特点(葡萄糖代谢异常和脂肪代谢异常)的一种合理解释。

To define the role of insulin action in the central nerous system in regulating the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, mice with a brain/neuron-specific insulin receptor knockout and littermate controls were subjected to 90-min hyperinsulinemic (20 mU · kg–1 · min–1)-hypoglycemic (1.5 mmol/l) clamps.

为了证实中枢神经系统的胰岛素在低血糖反应的调节作用，对中枢神经胰岛素受体敲除的小鼠和对照组小鼠进行了高胰岛素（20 mU · kg–1 · min–1）-低血糖(1.5 mmol/l)的钳夹试验。

However, the reports on target tissue of myoblast in insulin resistance skeletal muscle cell models are few.

背景：在胰岛素抵抗的细胞模型中，以游离脂肪酸诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞和高胰岛素诱导的HepG2肝癌细胞最为常见，对分布最为广泛靶组织骨骼肌的胰岛素抵抗模型报道较少。

The insulin should be divided about 45 percent as NPH insulin, 30 percent before breakfast and 15 percent before bedtime, and about 55 percent as preprandial regular insulin, 22 percent before breakfast, 16.5 percent before lunch, and 16.5 percent before dinner.

胰岛素应该被分成45％低精蛋白锌胰岛素，其中30％早餐前，15％睡前，另55％为餐前普通胰岛素，22％早餐前，16.5％午餐前，16.5％晚餐前。

The insulin should be divided about 45 percent as NPH insulin, 30percent before breakfast and 15 percent before bedtime, and about55 percent as preprandial regular insulin, 22 percent beforebreakfast, 16.5 percent before lunch, and 16.5 percent beforedinner.

胰岛素应该被分成45％低精蛋白锌胰岛素，其中30％早餐前，15％睡前，另55％为餐前普通胰岛素，22％早餐前，16.5％午餐前，16.5％晚餐前。

The post-operational patient on liquid or semiliquid diet injected insulin subcutaneously before three meals,applied inˉsulin according to blood sugar level until end of perioperative period.

目的 探讨糖尿病对耳鼻咽喉—头颈外科患者手术后并发症的影响以及糖尿病患者的围手术期治疗方法对51例接受耳鼻咽喉及头颈部不同类型手术的糖尿病患者，观察其围手术期并发症，并于术 3天改三餐前0.5h皮下注射速效胰岛素治疗，根据血糖的测定结果，开始剂量约为4～8U；对术后禁食需要补液的患者，按葡萄糖3～4g/胰岛素1U的比例给药，并每日监测血糖指标；术后进流质或半流质饮食的患者，于三餐前皮下注射胰岛素，按血糖测定情况给药，直至围手术期结束。

Methods 51patients with diabetes accepting various otorlaryngology-head and neck-surgical operation were adopted,regardless of previous treatments.Three days before operati on they all accepted regular insulin injecti on subcutaneously half an hour before three meals.The first dosage was roughly4～8U,then adjusted according to blood sugar levels.For the fasting patients who demanded fluid replacement post-operationalˉly,we infused solution in proportion to1U insulin/3～4g glucose and monitored everyday blood sugar in the meantime.The post-operational patient on liquid or semiliquid diet injected insulin subcutaneously before three meals,applied inˉsulin according to blood sugar level until end of perioperative period.

对51例接受耳鼻咽喉及头颈部不同类型手术的糖尿病患者，观察其围手术期并发症，并于术前3天改为三餐前0.5h皮下注射速效胰岛素治疗，根据血糖的测定结果，开始剂量约为4～8U；对术后禁食需要补液的患者，按葡萄糖3～4g/胰岛素1U的比例给药，并每日监测血糖指标；术后进流质或半流质饮食的患者，于三餐前皮下注射胰岛素，按血糖测定情况给药，直至围手术期结束。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。