胰岛素

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors play an important role in adipocyte differentiation and fatty acid metabolism, activation of PPAR may induce the differentiation of adipocyte,influence the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation,eventually lessen ectopic fat accumulation and improve the impaired insulin signaling,so the medicine which targets to the control point of FFA metabolism would be hopeful in the treatment of a cluster of metabolic abnormalities resulted from insulin resistance.

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体在脂肪细胞分化、脂肪酸代谢中起重要作用，PPAR及其所调控基因的激活可促进脂肪细胞分化、减少脂质产生、增加脂肪酸氧化，从而减少脂质的异位沉积，进一步改善损伤的胰岛素信号转导通路，逆转胰岛素抵抗。针对脂肪酸合成及氧化的关键调控点的药物可能是今后治疗胰岛素抵抗引发的一系列代谢异常的新的靶点。关键词过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体；脂肪酸代谢；胰岛素抵抗

The patients with type 2 DM have disproportionally increased PI/IRI.IRI may overestimate insulin levels in individuals with obesity,type 2 DM and IGT.

肥胖者、肥胖的IGT患者和肥胖的新诊断的2型糖尿病患者具有高胰岛素血症。2型糖尿病患者具有不成比例的前胰岛素的增高，免疫活性胰岛素常常过高估计肥胖者、2型糖尿病和IGT患者的胰岛素水平。

RESULTS: Biomaterial vector which were used to coated insulin could prevent insulin degradation by erepsin and enhance insulin stability. In addition, biomaterial vector benefited for uptake and transport of intestinal tract mucosa to insulin, target-control of drug release, enhancement of drug bioavailability, and establishment of insulin release velocity style for human physiological drive so as to realize sustained release of insulin.

结果：以生物材料作为载体包埋胰岛素，可避免胰岛素被胃肠蛋白酶降解，提高其在胃肠道内的稳定性，并有利于肠道黏膜对胰岛素的摄取和转运，在人体内递药过程中又能实现靶向控制药物释放，提高药物的生物利用度，满足人体生理需求的胰岛素的释放速率模式，实现了胰岛素的持续释放。

All methods of insulin administration were recorded: insulin drip, insulin in the PN and long-acting subcutaneous insulin.

所有方法使用的胰岛素均需记录，包括滴注的胰岛素，PN中的胰岛素和长效皮下注射的胰岛素。

Insulin secretin response to glucose challenge in vitro showed the mean value of insulin in the low-glucose medium was 39.74±2.73mM, while that of high-glucose medium was 128.94±8.72mM, the SI was 3.25±0.26, that means the islets functioned well. The releasing insulin levels of the nine groups responding to 16.7mM glucose at the end of 24h and 48h: At the end of the first 24h, the controlssecretion were similar in two phases, while the G group has increasing tendency;As for oleate groups, the base secretion have no difference,while the stimulated secretion was descending;As palmic acid as concerned,both base and sitimulated secretion was descending(p＜0.01) accompany with the elevated glucose.

在培养48h后油酸组刺激后时相分泌量减少(p＜0.05)；软脂酸组两时向差别显著(p＜0.01)各组细胞在16.7mM葡萄糖刺激5min时的胰岛素mRNA表达：在培养24h及48h后，葡萄糖对照组胰岛素mRNA表达组间无明显差别(p＞0.05)；油酸组培养24h胰岛素mRNA表达组间无明显差别(p＞0.05)，培养48h后mRNA表达组间比较存在统计学差异(p＜0.05)；软脂酸组培养24h时胰岛素mRNA表达量下降(p＜0.05)，培养48h后胰岛素mRNA表达量下降明显(p＜0.01)。

Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance=fasting plasma glucose×fasting insulin/22.5,homeostasis model assessment insulin aeschynomenous index=1/,index of insulin increment to gluncose increment at 30 min(△I_30/△G_30)=(I_30-I_0)/(G_30-G_0)post oral glucose,a...

采用稳态模型评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数，胰岛素敏感指数，胰岛素分泌指数，服葡萄糖后30 min胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值(ΔI30/ΔG30)、胰岛素曲线下面积。

In nonsmokers without pulmonary disease at baseline, there were no severe decreases in lung function attributed to Exubera, and high-resolution chest computed tomography revealed no evidence of notable lung changes. Completed phase 2 and 3 studies that followed patients for up to 4 years indicate that the differences over time in pulmonary function changes between patients treated with Exubera and control patients are small, nonprogressive, clinically insignificant, and reverse after discontinuation of Exubera therapy.

Feb。 9， 2006 --尽管一开始对於肺功能影响的顾虑，美国食品药物管理局仍然批准辉瑞药厂生产的吸入性胰岛素Exubera使用於成人第1、2型糖尿病；该核准案於1月27日通过，也就是欧盟核准该药物上市后隔天；自从胰岛素於1920年代被发现以来，吸入型粉状的基因重组人类胰岛素是第一个新的胰岛素投与选择；临床试验数据显示，使用exubera一开始会使肺功能下降，但是并非进行性的，其效果与一般胰岛素相当，而且具有病患顺从性较高的优点。

The type 2 diabetes-mellitus (T2DM) subjects had higher HOMR-IR, FINS, FPG, TC, TG, LDL and lower ISI than NC subjects. The 2DM subjects with genotype Thr54 (Thr54 homozygotes and heterozygotes) had higher FPG、FINS、HOMR-IR、TG、LDL(P.01) and lower ISI (P.01) than those with genotype Thr (Ala54 homozygotes). Conclusions: The polymorphy of FABP2 has been identified in the Han nationality in Bengbu.

与NC组比较，T2DM组的胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素均明显增高(P.01)，胰岛素敏感指数显著降低(P.01)；甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白均明显增高(P.01)，高密度脂蛋白明显降低(P.01)。T2DM组中，FABP2Ala54Ala与Ala54Thr及Thr54Thr基因型患者比较，后两者的空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR指数、空腹血糖、甘油三酯水平、低密度脂蛋白明显增高(P.01)，而胰岛素敏感指数显著降低(P.01)。

So hyperinsulinemia may step up blood pressure.These explain IR have some invariable effect in pathogenesis of eclampsism. Sex hormone binding globulin is a species of sterin haptoglobulin which is form from liver.The level of SHBG is an indirect index of balanate between androgen and estrogen.Not only hyperinsulinemia but also IR have intimate relationship with blood serum SHBG level.

高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗与血清SHBG水平均有着密切关系，胰岛素对调节SHBG的代谢具有重要意义，胰岛素水平升高使SHBG生成减少，造成体内性激素水平紊乱，导致糖、脂肪、胰岛素代谢障碍，提示SHBG是高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗的一个特有标志。

The results showed as:(1)Gegen decreases fasting insulin and insulin resistance index and increases insulin sensitive index of rats of insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone significantly;(2)Gegen can improve glucose tolerance of rats of insulin resistance but not to alloxan indued diabetes mice;(3)Gegen increases glucose intake of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and improves the insulin resistance of 3T3-L1 adipocytes induced by dexamethasone significantly;(4)Gegen can activate peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma, make it bind to PPAR response elements;(5)Gegen can up-regulate mRNA expression of PPAR v ,aP2 and adiponectin.

结果表明：①葛根显著降低地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠血清胰岛素水平和胰岛素抵抗指数，升高胰岛素敏感指数，改善大鼠的胰岛素抵抗；②葛根显著改善胰岛素抵抗大鼠的糖耐量，但对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量没有明显的作用；③葛根显著增加胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的摄取，改善地塞米松诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞的胰岛素抵抗；④葛根能促进HepG2肝癌细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ与靶基因的特异DNA序列结合，对PPARγ及其下游基因的转录具有激活作用；⑤葛根能够促进PPARγ及其下游基因脂肪酸结合蛋白(aP2)、脂联素mRNA的表达。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。