胚胎发育

Part one: Previous results indicated that the abnormal development of haploid goldfish embryos is due to the expression obstruction of some proteins, which are correlative with eyes development, nerve development, development regulation, cell differentiation and maintenance, arthromere formation and signal transduction.

第一部分金鱼雌核发育过程中胚胎蛋白质组比较研究前期已发表的工作表明在金鱼雌核发育眼睛形成期(受精后26个小时)单倍体上一些与眼睛发育、神经发育、发育调控等相关的重要蛋白质未能被选择表达或表达受阻，从而导致单倍体发育畸形。

Early embryonic cell has the developmental totipotency. Every embryonic blastomere cell can develop to an intact individual separately in a proper condition.

早期胚胎卵裂球细胞具有发育全能性，每个胚胎卵裂球细胞在适宜的条件下都能单独发育为一个完整的个体。

The presence of a large population of apoptotic cells in chorionic villi and decidua might contribute to the morphological changes of these tissues, and also the development of the fetus.

细胞凋亡在胚胎的发育过程中起着重要作用，自然流产绒毛和蜕膜组织中大量的细胞凋亡是其形态学退变的重要原因，并进而阻碍了胚胎的发育。

Based on history retrospective study and modern research, the paper expounded that the developing course of embryo toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine is from cyesis abstinence to inheritance toxicity and reproductive development toxicity, and overviewed the research of active components of traditional Chinese medicine in the domains of inheritance toxicity and reproductive development toxicity.

笔者通过对胚胎毒性中药的历史回顾和研究现状分析，阐述了中药胚胎毒性由妊娠禁忌到遗传毒性和生殖发育毒性的衍变发展过程以及中药有效成分在遗传和生殖发育毒性中的研究概况。

The cleavation rates and blastocyst development rates of cloned embryos were used to assess the efficiency of different operational procedure. Finally, the best combination of operational procedure, that the spindle-viewer system was used for oocytes enucleating, and donor cell was electrofused into ooplasm by electrical pulse (1.9 kV/cm, 10 ms, two) to reconstruct bovine cloned embryos.

以核移植胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚发育率作为检测指标，对不同的方法所获得的克隆胚胎的卵分裂率与囊胚发育率进行比较，最后筛选获得1个优化的牛体细胞核移植操作程序，即采用Spindle view系统对牛卵母细胞进行去核操作，将供核体细胞注射到卵周隙，然后通过电融合法将供体核引入去核卵细胞质(电融合参数为1.9 kV/cm，脉冲时程10 ms，方波2次间隔2 s)。

The main content includes the metabolism and energy balance; the ontogenesis of biological rhythms; the development of nervous system and endocrinological regulating mechanisms; the factors affecting the fetal development and growth; the relationships of fetal development to the reproductive and reproductive abilities of adult animals.

主要内容包括胎儿的新陈代谢与能量平衡；生物节律的形成；胚胎期神经系统和主要内分泌器官的发生和调节机制的建立；影响胚胎发生发育的主要因素以及动物的发生发育与成年动物生产与生殖能力的关系。

Results: NKA-I cells was first found in the duodenum mucose on the 14th day of fetus, earlier than in the jejunum ( 16th day ) and ileum ( 17th day ), and its Positive reaction and the number of cells increased with further development, after birth the 30th day, it became quite identical to that of adult rat; NKA-I cells were seen in the colon mucosa on the 17th day of fetus, later on the number kept decreasing till grown up stage; No change was observed in the stomach mucosa except that few cells showed up on the 15th day of fetus; No positive cell was found on the oesphagus wall.

结果：NKA-I细胞首先见于胚胎14 d的十二指肠粘膜，早于空肠(胚胎16 d)和回肠(胚胎17 d)，其阳性反应强度及细胞数量随发育而增加，30 d时与成年鼠相似；结肠粘膜内于胚胎17 d见多个细胞，但此后数量较少直至成年；胃粘膜于胚胎15 d见个别细胞外，以后无明显变化；食道壁始终未见阳性细胞。

He experiment proved that pre-implantation embryos are more sensitive than post-implantation ones, suggested TCDD may exert its effect before implantation, or at this process. 3. The toxicity of TCDD on the early embryo can be of omnifarious. It can strongly inhibit DCR, which represent mother toxicity; It cause un-synchronizated cleavage of pre-implanted zygote and pre-implanted embryo loss; It also decreases implantation sites in the uterus, and continued to effecting the uterus of pregnant mouse, cause the decreased number of fetus before birth. 4. TCDD exposure changed reproductive hormone level of pregnant mouse.

CDD对胚胎的毒性影响可能是多方面的：强烈抑制子宫蜕膜细胞反应，表现出典型的母体毒性；虽然没有影响胚胎转运速度，但造成着床前胚胎的丢失和发育不同步；早期染毒降低了第9天的胚胎着床数，同时使出生前第18天胚胎成活数继续减少。

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA composition of the panda-rabit cloned embryos found that mitochondria from both panda somatic cells and rabbit ooplasm co-existed in early blastocyst, but mitochondria from rabbit ooplasm decreased and those from panda donor cells dominated in early fetuses after implantation.

结果显示，应用卵裂球电融合方法可以制作一系列的多倍体胚胎；小鼠囊胚的形成与胚胎中的细胞数目无直接关系，卵裂球的电融合和染色体数目的增加不会改变胚胎的发育进程；而胚胎细胞中的核／质比可能是控制胚胎囊胚化的一个重要因素。

The results indicated that heartbeat stage of sea perch embryo, tail bud stage of Japanese flounder and turbot embryo were suitable developmental stages for cryopreservation.

三种海水鱼类胚胎的毒性耐受力实验结果表明：无论是用methanol，还是用PG处理鲈鱼不同发育时期胚胎，都是心跳期胚胎的成活率最高；牙鲆和大菱鲆尾芽期胚胎在20％的PM32混合抗冻液中成活率分别为87％和78.55％，分别高于其原肠中期、胚孔封闭期、心跳期、出膜前期胚胎的成活率。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。