胚胎发育

Such as pollination and fertilization, endosperm development and embryogeny, development of pericarp and testa have been investigated with the light microscope.

应用光学显微镜对女贞的传粉和受精、胚乳和胚胎的发育、果皮和种皮的发育等胚胎学特征进行了研究，对木犀科六属的胚胎学特征进行了比较。

Results coculture with endometrial epithelial cells could promote the formation of mouse morula (71.3% and 61.2%,p.05) and blastocyst (50.0% and 39.7%,p.05), and increase the blastocyst hatched rate (34.8% and 24.3%,p.05) and total cell number of blastocyst (44.1 and 35.6, p.05).conclusion coculture with endometrial epithelial cells can facilitate the development of early mouse embryo in vitro, which can optimize the condition of embryonic development in vitro.

结果：与无上皮细胞相比，共培养明显促进了小鼠桑椹胚率（71.3%和61.2%，p.05），囊胚率（50.0%和39.7%，p.05），囊胚孵化率（34.8%和24.3%，p.05）和胚胎总细胞数（44.1和35.6，p.05）。结论：子宫内膜上皮细胞能够促进小鼠胚胎的体外发育，对早期胚胎的体外发育环境具有优化作用。

Histological structures of bursas of Fabricius were observed at the different developmental stages from chicken embryoes to chickens. The results were as follows. The bursa of Fabricius began to develop on the 13th day of post-hatching and its cell aggregated into the nodosity clique underneath the epithelium mucosae. On the 15th day of post-hatching, those cell cliques were surrounded by the flat epithelium and formed the basic structure of folliculus lymphaticus. The number of lymphocytes in the folliculus lymphaticus increased gradually, and the medulla and cortex of a majority of folliculus were not discriminated obviously. Until on the 7th day for chickens, the medulla and cortex of folliculus formed completely and the number of folliculus increased significantly. From 21 to 35 days old, the folliculus lymphaticus transformed from polygon into rectangle. Mucosa epithelial cells increased gradually and their cytoblasts arranged compactly into aline in the basilar part on the 35th day.

本研究观察了从鸡胚到出壳后的不同生长发育阶段法氏囊的组织结构，结果表明：胚胎13日龄时，法氏囊开始发育，粘膜上皮下形成结节状细胞集团；胚胎15日龄，聚集的细胞集团形成初始的淋巴滤泡；胚胎18日龄到出壳后1日龄，滤泡内淋巴细胞数量增多，多数滤泡髓质和皮质界限仍不明显；7日龄雏鸡法氏囊髓质皮质分界清晰，滤泡数量显著增多；21日龄到35日龄，滤泡由多边形逐渐转变成长方形；在35日龄时，粘膜上皮细胞逐渐增多，排列紧密，细胞核紧密排列成直线位于基底部。

The efficiency of the nuclear transfer was 63.6%(63/99).Forty-seven clone embryos were transferred into 5 recipient goats. After embryo transfer, two recipient goats have not been seen oestrous within 2 oestrum, and one of the two recipient goats was examined positive by gravid testing, which testified the clone embryos were viable in the uterus of recipient goats.

阳性细胞克隆中的2株(M9，M10)已经进行了首次细胞核移植，核移植成功率为63.6％(63／99)，将47个发育较好的克隆胚胎进行了胚胎移植，共用受体羊5只，2只受体羊2个情期未见返情，在没有返情的2只受体山羊中有1只妊娠检测阳性，说明转基因克隆胚胚胎移植后在受体山羊体内发育良好。

Using the Hprt gene as a positive control, our result suggested that both the testis tissue and the male embryos from which Sry transcription can be detected failed to yield any positive results of Xist. Female embryos at the pronucleus stage and 2-cell failed to produce any positive result of Sry and Xist too.

然后利用实验一确定的PCR条件，以Hprt为阳性对照，用巢式RT-PCR对小鼠早期胚胎进行Xist基因的转录分析，结果发现，转录Sry基因的睾丸组织以及雄性胚胎，从受精卵发育到囊胚的过程中，基本上不转录Xist基因；不转录Sry基因的雌性卵母细胞和雌性胚胎，从出现原核开始，到发育至2-细胞期的过程中，Xist基因一直不转录，但是，从4-细胞期开始，一直到孵化前囊胚阶段，雌性胚胎都转录Xist基因。

On the other hand, in spite of the severely distorted axis, the FoxD5-overexpressed embryos displayed neither somite nor muscle defects. Based on these results, we speculate that FoxD5 plays different roles in axis and somite formation. During somitogenesis, FoxD5 functions in the maintenance of the anteroposterior polarity of somites, and in turn plays roles in proper formation of somites.

另一方面，观察过量表现FoxD5的胚胎，发现体节及肌肉发育没有明显异常，但体轴发育则产生严重畸形的性状；根据上述观察结果，推测FoxD5可能在体节及体轴发育上扮演不同角色：在体轴发育时，FoxD5则可能参与於胚胎轴向决定；而在体节中，FoxD5具有维持体节前后极性进而促使体节正常形成之功能。

Generally, most of the follicles undergo atresia during their development in mammals, and only a few grow to maturation and ovulation. For many years, the mechanisms of follicular atresia have been one of the foci of study. Recently, with the development in studies on cell apoptosis, it has been proved that follicular atresia is a process of cell apoptosis. However, the endocrinological and molecular evens underlying follicular development and atresia and granulosa cell apoptosis in the goat has not been studied.

中文题名山羊卵泡发育、闭锁及其调控机理的研究副题名外文题名 Studies on follicular development and atresia and their regulatory mechanism in goat 论文作者于元松导师谭景和教授学科专业基础兽医学研究领域\研究方向动物胚胎学与胚胎生物工程学位级别博士学位授予单位东北农业大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数71页关键词山羊卵泡发育馆藏号BSLW /2003 /S827 /3 哺乳动物卵泡在发育过程中绝大多数闭锁退化，只有少数卵泡发育成熟至排卵。

Our study includes four aspects. In the first aspect we study several important conditions of porcine oocytes maturation in vitro and oocytes cleavage after parthenogenetic activation and found mNCSU-23+15IU/mlPMSG+20IU/mlHCG+15% PFF+0.57mMcysteine is a good culture condition .When the Cocs are cultured in it ,the maturation rate and oocytes cleavage rate are higher than those of foreign covered. Our result are (86.7±3.35)% and (86.3±4.16)% and the highest report of foreign is(85.7±4.1)%.In the second aspect we study the effect of different chemical activations on development of porcine parthennogenetic embryo and found two best activation method. The first one is that putting the maturation MII oocytes in the 20μmol/L ionomycin for 30 minutes and then putting them in the NCSU-23 condition containing 5μg/mICB and 5mM/L6-DMAP for 3.5 hours, the oocytes cleavage rate and morulae/blastocysts development rate are (76.7±7.6)% and (37.1±6.4)%.The second one is that putting the maturation MII oocytes in the 200μM/L Thimerosal for 20 minutes and then putting them in the NCSU-23 condition containing 8mM DTT for 30 minutes

本研究分为4个部分，第一部分对影响猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活后胚胎分裂的几个重要条件进行了比较研究，确立了一种较好的培养方法：与颗粒细胞共培养，找到了一种适合猪卵母细胞体外成熟的培养基：mNCSU-23+15IU/mlPMSG+20IU/mlHCG+15%PFF+0.57mM半胱氨酸，成熟率和分裂率分别为(86.7±3.35)%和(86.3±4.16)%，国外报道的最高成熟率为(85.7±4.1)%；第二部分对猪卵母细胞孤雌激活的化学方法进行了研究，确立了化学激活猪卵母细胞的两种最佳方法：1将成熟的去卵丘颗粒细胞的MII期卵母细胞用20μmol/Lionomycin作用30min，再将卵母细胞培养于含5μg/mlCB和5mM/L 6-DMAP(6-二甲基氨基嘌呤)的NCSU-23培养液中，卵裂率和桑囊胚发育率达到(76.7±7.6)%和(37.1±6.4)%2将成熟的去卵丘颗粒细胞的MII期卵母细胞在200μM/L的Thimerosal中处理20min，再与8mM的DTT共孵育30min，卵裂率和桑/囊胚形成率为(81.0±2.8)%和(39.6±2.7)%；第三部分对孤雌激活胚胎的培养条件进行了研究，确立了一种最佳的胚胎培养条件：在SOF简单培养基中添加颗粒细胞进行前3天的培养，然后转入添加胎牛血清的NCSU—23培养基并和输卵管上皮细胞进行后期的培养，其桑椹胚和囊胚的发育率为(59.5±3.2)%；第四部分研究了IGF-I

The cleavage rate of 2-cell stage was 50%, but few embryos developed into morulas and blastocysts (2%). More than 130 embryos at 2-4-cell stage were transferred into oviduct of 13 synchronized foster rabbits and 2 mice. No fetus or implantation sites were observed in both recipients.

其2—细胞胚胎的分裂率可达50％，但发育至桑椹胚和囊胚阶段的胚胎数目大大减少，只有2％的囊胚发育率。13只受体兔共移植重构胚胎121枚，结果未发现产仔或死胎，仅看到有的兔子宫有於血状。

Would depend on the use of microscopes to a large extent due to the small size of cells and matrix components.

胚胎学研究人胚胎的发育和生长，包括胚胎的发育和胎儿的生长。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。