胚层的

The syndrome seems to result from disturbances of the caudal mesoderm before the fourth week of gestation. This includes the caudal cell mass and the cloaca, what explains the associated anomalies of the genitourinary tract (24%) and lower gastrointestinal tract.

本病是妊娠第4周之前尾部中胚层的紊乱所致，包括马尾细胞团和泄殖孔，这解释有24％的病例伴有泌尿生殖道畸形和下胃肠道畸形。

In all germ layers, Forkhead Box transcriptional factors play important roles in the determination of cell fates.

在各胚层的发育中，Forkhead Box转录因子皆扮演重要的命运决定角色。

In resent year, several in vitro models for committed differentiation of ES cells have been described which give rise to a variety of cell types, including hematopoietic, neuronal, chondroitic, osteocytic, endothelial, myogenic, cardiac and smoothes muscle cells, but the committed differentiation into epidermal stem cells have not been reported.

ES细胞为研究基因功能、胚胎发生和个体发育，及组织细胞分化机理提供了理想的模型。近年来的研究表明，适当条件下，ES细胞可定向分化为三个胚层的各种类型的细胞，其中包括向神经元、造血细胞、成骨细胞、心肌细胞、血管内皮、软骨细胞、平滑肌特方向的定向分化。

Generally we think muscular histogenesis has many steps of biology, including foetal mesoderm merotomy; myoblast shapes in arthromera; myoblast can form muscular tissue to move to limbs; the proliferation of sarcoblast can increase cells\'quatity.

一般认为，肌组织发生是一多步骤的生物学过程，包括胚胎中胚层的分节；成肌细胞在体节形成；成肌细胞向四肢迁移形成肌组织；成肌细胞增殖以增加细胞数量。

DATA SYNTHESIS: The mesenchyma stem cells ware a kind of plurpotent stem cell in mesoderm, with powerful multiplication ability and multi-directional differentiation potential.

资料综合：间充质干细胞是属于中胚层的一类多能干细胞，具有强大的增殖能力和多向分化潜能，动物模型试验和临床应用研究也取得了一定的效果。

Compared with other signals, TGFβ/Nodal plays a key role in the induction of mesendoderm.

相比于其他信号通路，Nodal信号通路对于胚胎的中内胚层的诱导起到关键的作用。

Fibroblast growth factor signaling guides mesodermal cell migration; however, we found some directed dorsal migration in an FGF receptor mutant, which suggests that additional signals are involved.

显微元细胞增长因子信号知道着中胚层的细胞迁移；但是，研究人员发现在突变FGF受体中存在着定向的背离迁移作用，这说明有更多的信号参与到了细胞的运动当中。

BACKGROUND: At present, studies show that a kind of stem cell community which in many kinds of organizations can differentiate into tissue cells of different embryonic layers; but those are different from embryonic stem cells, embryonic stem cell will lose the part differentiation potential gradually during the development of pregnancy, and will present some special phenotypes or the molecular markers, as CD105 and so on, will call it postembryonic pluripotent stem cells.

背景：目前研究认为在胚胎发育后的多种组织中存在一类干细胞群体，可分化为不同胚层的组织细胞；但又不同于胚胎干细胞，随着妊娠期间胚胎的发育胚胎干细胞会逐渐失去部分分化潜能，会出现一些特殊表型或分子标记，如CD105，称其为胚胎后亚全能干细胞。

There were all kinds of tissue cells in the teratomas acquired from in-vitro differentiation, such as, neuro epithelium, skeletal muscle, respiratory epithelium. This further proved the isolated mouse ES cells could differentiate into three germ layers of tissue types.

体内分化实验所获得的畸胎瘤中存在各种组织细胞，如一些神经上皮样组织；横纹肌；呼吸上皮样组织等，这进一步证明所分离获得的小鼠ES细胞具有三个胚层的分化能力。

The aim of this experiment is to find out the proper method of three kinds of classical methods ever used before ,which can separate the epithelial layer from the mice bronchial arch, for different purpose.The animal of this experiment is mice of KM in 9-30 somites period.

本实验旨在对分离小鼠腮弓外、中胚层的三种方法进行研究和比较，找出针对不同的实验目的，其最合适的分离方法及其过程，并且对分离的效果进行组织学特殊染色和SEM观测以验证其效果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。