胚层

A suspensor-like structure was formed on the bottom of the proembryo. Along with the constant growth of the proembryo, its shape converted from long-ellipse to obovate, at last it evolved as a globular embryo with smooth surface, and there were absciss layer in the joint of the bottom of suspensor and matrix tissue.

随着原胚不断生长，其形状由长椭圆形发展成倒卵形，最后逐渐形成表面较光滑、外观近球形的球形胚，并在'胚柄'基部与母体组织连接处形成离层。

Results demonstrated that the level of ROS was greater in embryo than in aleurone layer, and only very little ROS could be detected in starch. Furthermore, the ROS produced in embryo were mainly localized inside cells but not on cell membrane. By contrast, ROS from aleurone layer were accumulated on cell membrane.

结果表明：胚细胞产生的活性氧最多，糊粉层细胞次之，淀粉细胞几乎不产生活性氧；而且胚细胞产生的活性氧主要定位在细胞内，细胞膜上不产生；糊粉层细胞产生的活性氧主要定位在细胞膜。

The content of soluble protein rapidly increased with the embryo development after pollination for 16 days, while BiP markedly increased from 22nd day after pollination. The BiP failed to respond to heat shock. Immunohistochemical localization showed that BiP localized in plumule, primary vascular tissue and aleurone layer during embryo development.

组织化学免疫定位表明，在玉米胚发育的不同时期，BiP主要定位在胚芽端、初生维管组织和糊粉层中，提示胚在构建器官的同时，也为其功能执行准备了条件；热激不影响其定位。

The results showed that there was no significant difference in three structure approach of liquid layers among which B was relatively higher;and it was considered that one-step dilution was an effective preservation method in that survival capacity with frozen and melted embryos freshly split,and survival capacity of frozen and melted IVF embryos split by one-step dilution by application minimum capacity refrigerant method with specific canaliculus were obviously higher than B.

结果，3种不同液体层构成间胚胎的存活能力无显著差异，B法较高；应用特定细管最小容量冷却法在冷冻溶解的新鲜分割胚、体外受精分割胚及冷冻溶解的体外受精分割胚一步法稀释后的存活能力均显著高于B法。结果表明，特定细管最小容量冷却法是更有效的保存方法。

These observations, coupled with the fact that GA stimulated germination of dormant Myrica seeds, provide evidence that endogenous ABA decreased dormancy break and that endogenous gibberellins, especially GA4 and/or GA1 are involved in germination.

此外，观察暖温、低温或暖低温层积处理后的种子胚部GAs含量发现，除了胚根已伸长的种子胚中的GA4含量增加外，其他各处理的GA1， GA3， GA7和GA20含量都很低。

Seeds ovoid to reniform; seed coat with thick inner layer of dense black sclerenchyma and spongy outer layer bounded externally by a shiny black pellicle; endosperm copious; embryo straight or slightly bent; cotyledons ovate to elliptic, flattened; hypocotyl superior.

种子卵球形到肾形；种子涂上厚内部层紧密的黑色的sclerenchyma 和海绵状的外部层通过一发亮的黑色的表膜外部束；胚乳丰富；胚稍弯曲的直的或；子叶卵形到椭圆形，扁平；下胚轴上位。

The results showed: the major causes were obstacle of seed vessel, seed embryo dormancy and post-maturation; the major methods were treatments of hypothermal stratification and growth regulators; naked layer stratification and sand layer stratification had cosistent effect on relieving seed dormancy; hypothermal stratification with GA3 500~1000mg/L for days could relieve seed dormancy, compared to sand stratification it shortened 30 days, and its germiation percentage was higher than that of sand stratification.

结果表明，引起砂梨种子休眠的主要有种皮障碍、种胚休眠和种胚后熟；而解除休眠的主要方法为低温层积处理和植物生长调节剂处理。裸层积和沙层积在解除种子休眠上的发芽效果是一致的，使用GA3溶液浸种，不能完全打破种子休眠，用GA3 500~1000mg/L低温层积30d即可解除种子休眠，比直接沙层积缩短30d，其发芽率比直接沙层积高。

Seeds 1 per locule; testa 2-layered; outer layer black, shiny, crustaceous; inner layer thinner; embryo spirally curved, radicle short.

种子1每室；种皮2分层；外部层黑色，发亮，壳质；内部层薄；胚螺旋弄弯，胚根短。

The grain filling of superior spikelets was a continuous progressing process without interruption: Free nucleus→endosperm cell formation→endosperm cells differentiating into aleurone layer and starchy endosperm→composition and storage of reserve materials such as starch and storage proteins.

水稻强势籽粒的胚乳发育是一个无间断的连续过程，经过游离核期→胚乳细胞化→胚乳细胞分化发育成糊粉层和淀粉质胚乳→合成和累积淀粉、蛋白质等贮藏物质，约在20d以内完成胚乳发育的全过程，不同强势籽粒的胚乳发育进程大体一致。

The galactosyl oligosaccharides of raffinose series are widely distributed in seeds of many species and are localized in tissues that remain viable after desiccation, including the embryo and aleurone layer of cereals, cotyledons and axis tissues of legumes and other dicots.

棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖广泛分布在许多种植物种子中，并存在于干燥后仍能保持活力的组织内，如禾谷类种子的胚及糊粉层，豆类及其他双子叶植物的子叶和胚轴组织等。棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖在禾谷类种子的非自溶性中央胚乳中不合成，但存在于蓖麻种子的自溶性胚乳细胞中。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。