胚叶

In the fin219-null mutant background, GUS staining can be detected in the hydathode of cotyledons, and the guard cells around hydathodes. GUS staining are also found in the base of trichomes, hypocotyls and roots. In contrast, in the phyA mutant background, GUS-FIN219 was not expressed in the hypocotyls.

结果发现转殖在fin219-null突变株背景下，FIN219会特别表现在植株叶缘出水孔与附近的保卫细胞及毛茸基部、初生叶、下胚轴、根部等处，然而在phyA缺失的时候植株幼苗的FIN219则不会在下胚轴表现。

A plantlet had been obtained. Histological sections proved that the embryos had a typical histological structure of monocot somatic embryos.

组织学切片证明所诱导的愈伤组织是胚性组织，其所产生的体胚具有典型的单子叶植物体细胞胚的组织结构。

Stems angular, glabrous. Radical leaves: stipules brown, membranous, abaxially glabrous; petiole glabrous; leaf blade with 7–9 pairs of leaflets; leaflets petiolulate, green on both surfaces, fasciated or fasciated lanceolate, 5–7 × 1.5–1.7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base subcordate to obliquely truncate or rounded, margin acutely incised serrate, apex rounded to acute; cauline leaves: stipules green, falcate, herbaceous, margin incised serrate; leaf blade resembling that of radical leaves but leaflets fewer and narrower higher up stem.

茎具角，无毛；胚根叶：托叶使成褐色，膜，背面无毛；叶柄无毛；叶片具7-9对小叶；具小叶柄的小叶，绿色在两面，扁化或者扁化， 5-7 * 1.5-1.7 厘米，两面无毛，基部近心形在斜截形或圆形，边缘尖锐锐裂状锯齿，先端圆形的到锐尖；茎生叶托叶绿色，镰刀形，草本，给锐裂状锯齿镶边；叶片象胚根叶的那但是高的更少和狭窄的小叶向上茎。

Leaves several, lorate or linear, cross section semiterete or terete, solid or fistulose, base usually not narrowed into a petiole; ovules 2 to several per locule; if leaf base narrowed into a petiole or ovules 1 per locule then bulb tunic never distinctl

叶数个，带状或线形，横断面半圆柱形或圆柱状，中空的固体或，基部通常不缩小成为叶柄；胚珠2到数枚每室；如果叶基部狭窄成为叶柄或胚珠1每室那么鳞茎皮从未是distinctl 7

RT-PCR analysis showed that GhMADS1 gene expressed in petals, stamens, ovules and fibers, but not in roots, stems, leaves, bracts and sepals. The strongest expression of GhMADS1 gene was detected in petals. But in floral buds of a cotton homeotic mutant (CHV1), whose floral organs are all converted to bract leaf-like organs, the transcript of GhMADS1 gene was not detected.

RT-PCR分析显示，该基因在陆地棉的花瓣、雄蕊、胚珠和纤维中表达，特别是在花瓣中表达量最高，而在根、茎、叶等营养器官和棉花同源异型突变体CHV1（所有花器官均变为苞叶状叶性器官）的变异花蕾中不表达。

RT-PCR analysis showed the GhMASD1 gene expressed in petals, stamens, ovules and fibers, but not in roots,stems, leaves, bracts and sepals. The strongest expression of GhMADS1 gene was detected in petals. But in floral buds of a cotton homeotic mutant (CHV1), whose floral orgens are all converted to bract leaf-like organs, the transcript of GhMADS1 gene was not detected.

RT-PCR分析显示，该基因在陆地棉的花瓣、雄蕊、胚珠和纤维中表达，特别是在花瓣中表达量最高，而在根、茎、叶等营养器官和棉花同源异型突变体CHV1（所有花器官均变为苞叶状叶性器官）的变异花蕾中不表达。

The embryogenic cell first divided into multicellular proembryos,then globular embryoid,pearshaped embryoid,long embryoid,scutiform embryoid and mature embryoid.

胚性细胞继续分裂形成多细胞原胚，经球形胚、梨形胚、长形胚、子叶分化期到成熟胚，其发生的胚状体与单子叶合子胚形成具有相似的过程。

These were raised underinducing condition to test if any morphology and structure changes. Twenty two Arabidopsismutants had various changes in morphology and anatomical structures. Twenty mutants hadlow germination rate from 10% to 60%, of which 2 had survival rates at 0% and 50%. Fivemutants occurred structure changes in the hypocotyls or stem. One of these lines, namedarris-stem, showed some unique changes: slower growth rate in comparison with the wildtype from germination to florescence; serrated margin of leaf blades, spiral rosette; morebranch in the bottom part of the stem, shorter nodes, twisted stem and branch. There were oneor several arrises along the stem. Across sections of the arrises showed one or several compactcells lumps which were round, made up of several layers of cells, looked like vascular-bundle.

在诱导条件下，这些突变体表现出不同的形态和结构的变化，共有22个表型和结构发生变化。20个突变系发芽率或存活率较低，发芽率由10％—60％，其中2个突变系存活率分别为0％和50％。5个突变系在茎或下胚轴的结构上发生变化，其中一个突变系arris-stem发生如下表型变化：从真叶出现至开花结实的整个生长期，生长速度要明显比野生型拟南芥缓慢；叶缘有明显锯齿，莲座叶呈螺旋状排列；茎的基部有较多侧枝，侧枝间距明显缩短，茎有明显扭曲；突变体茎侧面有1至数条棱形突起，内部存在一至数个排列紧密的细胞团，由多层细胞呈环形排列，细胞壁明显加厚，内部存在管状分子，推测为维管组织。

Based on Bayesian statistics and quantitative genetic model of triploid endosperm traits, we proposed a Bayesian method for mapping QTL underlying endosperm traits, which used the DNA molecular marker genotypes of each plant in segregation population and the single endosperm observation of a few endosperms of each plant as data set to analyze endosperm QTL.

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合，以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式，提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法。

Different contribution of the genes to starch biosynthesisLeaves and developing endosperms of Q319, C7-2, q404, ZN-A and S8 were used to study the expression patterns of 44 genes participating in starch synthesis. We found that ZmGBSSⅠ、ZmSSⅢ、ZmSBEⅡb、ZmBT2-2、ZmSh2-2、ZmSh2-3、ZmBT1 were expressed exclusively in the metaphase and anaphase of developing endosperm, and the expression patterns of ZmSUS1、ZmSus1L、ZmSUS3、ZmSSⅠ、ZmSSⅡa、ZmSBEⅠ、ZmISO1、ZmPul were consistent with the process of starch synthesis in the endosperm, while ZmUGP3 and ZmSUT2 were highly-expressed in all samples, suggesting that these genes perhaps devoted to starch synthesis in endosperm.

淀粉生物合成基因的不同贡献以Q319、C7-2、q404、ZN-A和S8自交系的幼叶、成熟叶、成熟子房、授粉后1d、5d、10d的种子和15d、20d、25d的胚乳为材料，研究了参与淀粉合成的44个基因的表达模式，研究发现ZmGBSSⅠ、ZmSSⅢ、ZmSBEⅡb、ZmBT2-2、ZmSh2-2、ZmSh2-3、ZmBT1在胚乳发育中后期特异性表达，ZmSUS1、ZmSus1L、ZmSUS3、ZmSSⅠ、ZmSSⅡa、ZmSBEⅠ、ZmISO1、ZmPul的表达在淀粉合成期显著上调，ZmUGP3和ZmSUT2在所有组织中高水平表达，说明这些基因可能主要负责胚乳淀粉的生物合成。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。