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While doing the RFLP tagging of giant embryogene,the genome changebetween mutants and its original parent,the relationship between RFLP andheteroses in indica,japonica and intermediate rice,the performance of multipleand null allelism in rice varieties,the utilization of null allelic RFLP probes inidentifying indica and japonica rice specifically,the distribution of the nullallelic RFLP probe RG684 in rice cultivars,and the segregations of RFLPmakers in indica/japonica F2 population were also studied.

本实验从经典遗传、分子遗传、育种潜力评估、育种新品系选育等领域,对巨大胚、甜胚乳、暗胚乳三种新型突变体进行了全面系统研究。在对巨大胚进行分子定位过程中,对涉及到的突变体与原始亲本基因组变化,籼、粳、中间型材料的RFLP多态性与杂种优势之间关系,水稻品种的复等位、零等位表现,鉴定籼、粳特异性的零等位RFLP标记,零等位标记RG684在稻种中分布,RFLP标记在籼粳交F2群体中分离等遗传现象也一并进行了分析。

Statistical methods designed specifically for mapping QTL controlling endosperm trait have been proposed by several researchers in recent years, but these methods all ignored the influence of the maternal genom.

谷类作物种子的整个发育过程是在母体植株上完成的,母株为种子提供库容和营养,因此种子胚乳性状和胚性状的遗传表达除了受胚乳和胚自身基因型控制以外,还可能受到母株基因型影响。

B Of the six basic media MS, MS1/2 (half-strength of MS salts and vitamins), WPM, DKW, B5 and SH, MS1/2 was the most proper one to induce somatic embryos. Somatic embryos generally regenerated directly from excised zygotic cotyledons. PGRs combination affected somatic embryogenesis significantly. Medium with NAA 1mg/L, TDZ 0.05mg/L, IBA 2—10mg/L combined with BA 10mg/L, or IBA 10mg/L integrated with BA 0-2mg/L gave the highest induction rate. Excised zygotic hypocotyls had the strongest potential to produce callus. Callus induction was also affected significantly by media and PGRs. The proper callus induction condition was MS1/2 medium containing NAA 1mg/L, IBA 10mg/L, BA 2-5mg/L and TDZ 0.05mg/L. Harvest period affect somatic embryogenesis significantly. Zygotic embryo explants collected from the end of July to the middle of August had strong potential to generate somatic embryos, when endosperm finished solidification, different parts of the embryos were completely formed, the size of embryos occupied about 2/3 of the embryo sac. Provided with optimized conditions, direct somatic embryogenesis rate can attain to 33. 68%, and callus induction rate of hypocotyls was up to 90.7%. Cytological observation on megasporogenesis and zygotic embryogenesis of Manchurian ash showed that the ovary was twicarpellum, twilocular with two ovules each loculus. The ovule was tenuinucellar and anatropous, with one megasporcocyte. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygoum type.

体细胞胚胎发生研究的结果表明:(1)成熟过程中的合子胚是诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的最佳外植体材料;(2)在所试验到的MS、MS1/2(将MS的所有成分均减半)、WPM、DKW、B〓、SH等六种基本培养基中,MS1/2是最适合诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的基本培养基;(3)水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生以直接发生为主,体细胞胚主要来自于从合子胚分离的完整子叶;(4)培养基中的激素组合对水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响,诱导直接体细胞胚发生较好的激素组合有NAA 1mg/L+IBA 2,5,10mg/L+BA 10mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L和NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 0,2mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L;(5)合子胚分离的下胚轴具有最强的愈伤组织诱导潜力,少数愈伤组织可以分化出体细胞胚;(6)愈伤组织的诱导也受培养基和激素配比的显著影响,最适宜诱导的培养条件为MS1/2+NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 2,5mg/L+TDZ0.05mg/L;(7)采种时间对体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响。7月末到8月中旬的合子胚具有较强的体细胞胚发生潜力,此时种子尚未成熟,胚乳已呈固态,种胚的各个部分已分化完全,种胚体积占胚腔的大约2/3;(8)在各自综合的最适条件下,完整子叶的体细胞胚诱导率可达33.68%,下胚轴的愈伤组织诱导率可达90.7%。

The nucleus of mature egg cell was located at the micropylar end and a great deal of starch grains were in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.

胚囊发育为蓼型,反足细胞分裂形成反足组织,反足组织含有大量淀粉粒,反足细胞直到胚乳细胞化时才退化,反足细胞在胚和胚乳发育中起着积极作用。

During embryogenesis, CaM mRNA was expressedstronger in the endosperm cells than in the proembryo cells at earlier stage but it wasreversed at embryo differentiation stage.

胚胎发育早期,钙调素mRNA在胚乳细胞中的表达比原胚中强,而后期则在分化胚中比胚乳细胞中强。

The galactosyl oligosaccharides of raffinose series are widely distributed in seeds of many species and are localized in tissues that remain viable after desiccation, including the embryo and aleurone layer of cereals, cotyledons and axis tissues of legumes and other dicots.

棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖广泛分布在许多种植物种子中,并存在于干燥后仍能保持活力的组织内,如禾谷类种子的胚及糊粉层,豆类及其他双子叶植物的子叶和胚轴组织等。棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖在禾谷类种子的非自溶性中央胚乳中不合成,但存在于蓖麻种子的自溶性胚乳细胞中。

The changes in activity of glutamine synthetase and NADH-glutamate synthase in endosperms, coleoptiles, and roots were determined during the germination of rice Oryza sativa L.

测定了水稻种子不同萌发时期胚乳、胚芽鞘和幼根的谷氨酰胺合成酶和依赖于NADH的谷氨酸合酶活性变化。胚乳和胚芽鞘的GS活性在萌发过程中升高,幼根的GS活性则有所降低。

We found the relationship among starch metabolism, metabolisms of other components and gene expressing profiling due to the accumulation of sugar. Then, genes expression patterns of starch biosynthesis in leaves and developing endosperms of 5 maize inbreds were studied for the contribution of different genes to starch biosynthesis in endosperm.

为深入了解玉米淀粉合成的分子调控机理,本研究首先以B73、ae/wx和sh1授粉后15天的胚乳为材料,利用18K Affymetrix玉米基因组芯片平台,研究了突变体材料中基因表达谱的变化,发现了淀粉合成受阻后糖的积累对其它物质代谢和基因表达调控的影响;在此基础上,对可能参与淀粉合成的基因以多个自交系为材料,分析它们在叶片和胚乳发育过程中的表达模式,研究了不同成员对胚乳淀粉合成的贡献。

Based on Bayesian statistics and quantitative genetic model of triploid endosperm traits, we proposed a Bayesian method for mapping QTL underlying endosperm traits, which used the DNA molecular marker genotypes of each plant in segregation population and the single endosperm observation of a few endosperms of each plant as data set to analyze endosperm QTL.

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法。

Different contribution of the genes to starch biosynthesisLeaves and developing endosperms of Q319, C7-2, q404, ZN-A and S8 were used to study the expression patterns of 44 genes participating in starch synthesis. We found that ZmGBSSⅠ、ZmSSⅢ、ZmSBEⅡb、ZmBT2-2、ZmSh2-2、ZmSh2-3、ZmBT1 were expressed exclusively in the metaphase and anaphase of developing endosperm, and the expression patterns of ZmSUS1、ZmSus1L、ZmSUS3、ZmSSⅠ、ZmSSⅡa、ZmSBEⅠ、ZmISO1、ZmPul were consistent with the process of starch synthesis in the endosperm, while ZmUGP3 and ZmSUT2 were highly-expressed in all samples, suggesting that these genes perhaps devoted to starch synthesis in endosperm.

淀粉生物合成基因的不同贡献以Q319、C7-2、q404、ZN-A和S8自交系的幼叶、成熟叶、成熟子房、授粉后1d、5d、10d的种子和15d、20d、25d的胚乳为材料,研究了参与淀粉合成的44个基因的表达模式,研究发现ZmGBSSⅠ、ZmSSⅢ、ZmSBEⅡb、ZmBT2-2、ZmSh2-2、ZmSh2-3、ZmBT1在胚乳发育中后期特异性表达,ZmSUS1、ZmSus1L、ZmSUS3、ZmSSⅠ、ZmSSⅡa、ZmSBEⅠ、ZmISO1、ZmPul的表达在淀粉合成期显著上调,ZmUGP3和ZmSUT2在所有组织中高水平表达,说明这些基因可能主要负责胚乳淀粉的生物合成。

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