胚

This workshop presses: The clean - degasification - heavy melt -去杂质- casts builds up 钢胚 the craft.

该车间按：清洗—脱气—重熔—去杂质—铸炼钢胚的工艺。

The other cells of the tetrad undergo degeneration. The mature embryo sac consists of an egg apparatus, a central cell, and 3 antipodal cells. The embryo sac is a monosporic Polygonum type. The zygote develops into a mature embryo going through proembryo, globular, heart, and torpedo stages.

胚囊发育类型为单孢子蓼型胚囊； 2胚的发育经过原胚、球形胚、心形胚和鱼雷胚等阶段发育为成熟胚；胚柄在球形胚时期最发达，但胚柄短小，只由3个扁平细胞组成，之后逐渐退化。

Seed explants of Eleutherococcus senticosus produced somatic embryos directly ongrowth regulator-free medium. The results were showed that use low temperature stressmethod to relieve the Eleutherococcus senticosus seed conformation dormancy andphysiological dormancy, to induce seed germinate. Proliferation of Eleutherococcus senticosussomatic embryo without any plant growth regulathors was better in liquid medium containing1/3MS+sucrose 3%, and better in solid medium containing 1/3MS+sucrose 1%.Eleutherococcus senticosus secondary embryo was stick to matrix through espial of cytology.Eleutherococcus senticosus somatic embryo was cultivated some times to form immature frondin liquid medium, then transfer into solid medium to form full plant. The experiment wasindicated that much more Eleutherococcus senticosus immature frond can be cultured inbioreactor, so large-scale production in bioreactor culture can be done.

研究结果表明：低温胁迫处理刺五加种子可以打破种子的形态休眠和生理休眠，促使种子发芽：在不添加任何植物激素的培养基中诱导刺五加体胚形成，其中，1／3MS+3％蔗糖的培养基搭配有利于液体培养的刺五加体胚增值，1／3MS+1.0％蔗糖的培养基搭配有利于固体培养的刺五加体胚增值；在进行体细胞胚增殖时，体细胞胚继代三周后表面开始形成很多次生胚，对刺五加次生胚进行细胞学观察，发现刺五加次生胚与母体只是粘贴在一起；刺五加体胚需在液体培养基中培养一段时间形成幼植物体，实验表明可以通过生物反应器培养大量的刺五加幼植物体，然后转入固体培养基中形成完整植株，因此可以通过生物反应器培养进行规模化生产。

Some people, before you are my mind Half-Life, you were only 胚子 unremarkable

某些人，以前你是我心中的半条命，现在你只是不起眼的胚子。

B Of the six basic media MS, MS1/2 (half-strength of MS salts and vitamins), WPM, DKW, B5 and SH, MS1/2 was the most proper one to induce somatic embryos. Somatic embryos generally regenerated directly from excised zygotic cotyledons. PGRs combination affected somatic embryogenesis significantly. Medium with NAA 1mg/L, TDZ 0.05mg/L, IBA 2—10mg/L combined with BA 10mg/L, or IBA 10mg/L integrated with BA 0-2mg/L gave the highest induction rate. Excised zygotic hypocotyls had the strongest potential to produce callus. Callus induction was also affected significantly by media and PGRs. The proper callus induction condition was MS1/2 medium containing NAA 1mg/L, IBA 10mg/L, BA 2-5mg/L and TDZ 0.05mg/L. Harvest period affect somatic embryogenesis significantly. Zygotic embryo explants collected from the end of July to the middle of August had strong potential to generate somatic embryos, when endosperm finished solidification, different parts of the embryos were completely formed, the size of embryos occupied about 2/3 of the embryo sac. Provided with optimized conditions, direct somatic embryogenesis rate can attain to 33. 68%, and callus induction rate of hypocotyls was up to 90.7%. Cytological observation on megasporogenesis and zygotic embryogenesis of Manchurian ash showed that the ovary was twicarpellum, twilocular with two ovules each loculus. The ovule was tenuinucellar and anatropous, with one megasporcocyte. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygoum type.

体细胞胚胎发生研究的结果表明：(1)成熟过程中的合子胚是诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的最佳外植体材料；(2)在所试验到的MS、MS1/2（将MS的所有成分均减半）、WPM、DKW、B〓、SH等六种基本培养基中，MS1/2是最适合诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的基本培养基；(3)水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生以直接发生为主，体细胞胚主要来自于从合子胚分离的完整子叶；(4)培养基中的激素组合对水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响，诱导直接体细胞胚发生较好的激素组合有NAA 1mg/L+IBA 2，5，10mg/L+BA 10mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L和NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 0，2mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L；(5)合子胚分离的下胚轴具有最强的愈伤组织诱导潜力，少数愈伤组织可以分化出体细胞胚；(6)愈伤组织的诱导也受培养基和激素配比的显著影响，最适宜诱导的培养条件为MS1/2+NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 2，5mg/L+TDZ0.05mg/L；(7)采种时间对体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响。7月末到8月中旬的合子胚具有较强的体细胞胚发生潜力，此时种子尚未成熟，胚乳已呈固态，种胚的各个部分已分化完全，种胚体积占胚腔的大约2/3；(8)在各自综合的最适条件下，完整子叶的体细胞胚诱导率可达33.68%，下胚轴的愈伤组织诱导率可达90.7%。

Megaspore development and abortion of"Pingyi Tiancha"Compar-ing with regular developing megaspore of normal M.baccata,the megasporemother cellof"Pingyi Tiancha"could form mono-nucleus embryo sacby perhaps irregular meiosis,then most of sexual MES depauperatedand degenerated,finally aborted,or only a few further developed.Of asexualembryo sac,one or more large cells at the chalazal end of nucellus developed in-to one to more asexual embryo sac initials.After the competition between sexu-al embryo sacand asexual embryosac,most ovules only had one asexual embryo sac matured.

平邑甜茶大孢子的发育和败育与正常发育的山定子大孢子对比，平邑甜茶大孢子母细胞经减数分裂能形成单核胚囊，之后多数有性胚囊萎缩、退化而败育，只有极少数进一步发育；而无性胚囊则从胚珠合点端1个或多个较大的珠心细脆形成并首先发育为一个或多个无性胚囊原始体；经过有性胚囊和无性胚囊以及无性胚囊和无性胚囊之间的竞争，多数胚珠只有一个无性胚囊成熟。

The normal and abnormal embryoid were distinguished by the rate of normal plantlets induced and the regeneration modes of the cottons varieties were compared to two ways, one with the highest rate of normal inducement was the normal way of regeneration plantlet from callus, embryogenetic callus, global embryoid, heart-shape embryoid, torpedo-shape embryoid, cotyledon embryoid to normal plantlet, etc, the other with the lowest rate of normal inducement was the abnormal way from callus, embryoid callus, global embryoid-like, heart-shape embryoid-like, fish torpedo-shape embryoid-like, cotyledon embryoid-like, abnormal plantlet to normal plantlet, etc.

转化后采用平行实验得到不同品种的不同培养体系的愈伤组织、胚性愈伤组织、胚状体、类胚状体、畸形苗和正常苗，以最终正常苗诱导率高的体系的材料作为正常苗的发生过程，以诱导率低的作为畸形苗的发生过程，即分为正常苗的发生过程，愈伤组织——球型胚状体——心型胚状体——鱼雷型胚状体阶段——子叶型胚状体——正常苗：畸形茁的发生过程，愈伤组织——类球型胚状体——类心型胚状体——类鱼雷型胚状体阶段——类子叶型胚状体——畸形苗。

The reseach on activity changes of SOD, POD and CAT during the somatic embryogenesis of Y35 showed:(1) The activty of SOD was from 52.98 to 133.20 U·g-1·h-1, and remained a rising trend after early single embryo forming, this revealed that SOD might be positively correlated to the differentiation of embryogenic cell and the development of somatic embryo.(2) The activty of POD was from 0.05 to 0.50 U·mg-1·min-1, ascended firstly and desceded later, and was highest in embryogenic callus and lowest in late single embryo , this revealed that POD might be positively correlated to the division and differentiation of proembryo mass, while negatively correlated to the development of PEMⅢto late single embryo.(3) The activty of CAT was from 0.86 to 2.81 U·mg-1·min-1, showed an up-down-up trend, reaching to the highest peak at the time of early embryo formating and decreasing to the lowest at the time of early cotyledonary embryo formating, this revealed that CAT might be positively correlated to the development of early single embryo, while negatively correlated to the formation of middle single embryo and early cotyledonary embryo.The changes in activty of SOD, POD and CAT indicated these three antioxidant enzymes coregulated the differentiation and development of embryogenic cells during Larix somatic embryogenesis.4. Differentially expressed cDNA libraries of the stages of proembryo mass and somatic embryo maturation were successfully constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization.

对Y35体细胞胚胎发生过程中抗氧化酶活性变化的研究显示：(1)SOD活性在52.98~133.20 U·g-1·h-1之间，并在早期单胚形成后一直保持上升的趋势，表明其与胚性细胞的分化及体细胞胚的发育均具呈正相关；(2)POD活性在0.05~0.50 U·mg-1·min-1之间，呈现出先下降后升高的趋势，在胚性愈伤组织中最高，而在后期单胚形成时降至最低，表明其与原胚团的分裂和分化呈正相关，但与PEMⅢ向后期单胚的发育呈负相关；(3)CAT活性在0.86~2.81 U·mg-1·min-1之间，表现出升-降-升的变化趋势，在早期单胚形成时升至最高，在早期子叶胚形成时降至最低，表明其与早期单胚的发育呈正相关，而与中期单胚和早期子叶胚的发育呈负相关。

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

The endurance abilities of the embryos of sea perch, flounder and turbot at different developing stages to vitrification solutions were studied. The result showed that sea perch at tail-bud stage, heart-beating stage and pre-hatching stage had more endurance abilities to VSD2, flounder at 4-5 somites, 16-20 somites and tail-bud stage had more endurance abilities to PM3, and turbot at 4-5 somites, 16-20 somites and tail-bud stage had more endurance abilities to PMP1. The feasible equilibration time of three marine fish embryos in vitrification solutions was determined, which guided the dealing process before freezing.

对花鲈、牙鲆、大菱鲆三种鱼类不同时期胚胎分别在玻璃化液中的适应性进行了研究，发现花鲈尾芽胚、心跳胚和出膜前期胚对VSD2的耐受能力较强；牙鲆4-5以肌节胚、16-20对肌节胚、尾芽胚对PM3的耐受能力较强，大菱鲆4—5对肌节胚、16—20对肌节胚、尾芽胚对PMP1的耐受能力较强，较适合于进行玻璃化液处理和冷冻保存；并且确定了三种鱼类各时期的胚胎在玻璃化液中的适宜平衡时间，为胚胎在玻璃化液中处理和冷冻提供了一定的参数。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失