胆碱

RESULTSdiabetic rats showed typical symptoms involving elevated serum glucose and weight loss (2)The rats in DM+VaD group reacted slower and made more error numbers in Y-maze than the rats in VaD group did, with a prolonged total reacting time in a whole day.(3)More neurons with serious damages, such as edema, ischemia or pyknosis could be found in DM+VaD group than in VaD group. More disarrangement of cone neurons, obvious glia proliferation, and more neuron apoptosis were found in CA area of hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS (1)2-VO in STZ-induced diabetic rats succeeded in establishing VaD animal models.(2) The cognitive dysfunction induced by VaD rats had been deteriorated by diabetes mellitus.(3)Morphology evidences proved that diabetes mellitus aggravated brain damages induced by VaD.PART II Effect of diabetes mellitus on the cholinergic nervous systemin CA1 area of hippocampus of VaDOBJECTIVE To estimate the role of cholinergic nervous system in hippocampus during the process of cognitive dysfunction aggravated by diabetes mellitus in DM+VaD group. METHODS Observe the changes of ChAT protein by immunohistochemistry stain. Chose three rats randomly from each group at each pointat two week, four week, and eight week, then sepa

经腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导慢性实验性糖尿病，1周后永久性结扎双侧颈总动脉(2-VO)制作VaD模型记录术后2周、4周和8周各组大鼠的体重及血糖；应用Y-迷宫检测空间定向学第二军医大学博士论文中…丈摘…要1ia；一色恤~﹁染澎糕行HE染色观察组织病理学孪叱；胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白protellZ，Cf冰尸标记观察星形胶质细舱的激活情况、橄声软公点娜育票票众糯黑橄居端粗默孺篇筑价井袱第二部分糖尿病对血管性痴呆大鼠海马c心区胆碱能神经系统的影响探讨海马CAI区胆碱能神经系统在糖尿病加重确D一大鼠认知障碍中所实验动物及分组同第一部分，应用免疫组织化学染色方法现察海马CAI{介狱牛第晕军l袭拔常博粗{论义

A method was developed for the determination of choline chloride and trimethylamine in feedstuff by ion chromatography.

建立了离子色谱法测定饲料中氯化胆碱含量及鉴别饲料中氯化胆碱及掺假物三甲胺的方法。

BACKGROUND: The choline acetyltransferase is the key synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, and is the important symbol of the functional activity of the cholinergic system.

背景：胆碱乙酰化转移酶是乙酰胆碱合成的关键酶，是胆碱能神经系统功能活动的重要标志。

And content of Ach was tested by alkaline hydroxylamine method.

用Morris水迷宫法测试小鼠的空间记忆能力，用比色法测定大脑皮质胆碱乙酰转移酶、胆碱酯酶活性，用碱性羟胺法测定乙酰胆碱含量。

Choline and folic acid deficiencies could induce cell death in human lymphoblast cell line, and 6 μmol/L CC and 120 nmol/L FA was the optimal combination for keeping the lowest level of APO and NEC in human lymphoblast cell line.

胆碱与叶酸不足可诱导人成淋巴细胞株细胞死亡，6 μmol/L氯化胆碱及120 nmol/L叶酸是维持体外培养的人成淋巴细胞株APO及NEC频率在最低水平的最适组合浓度。

Results:①In normal extracellular solution, the non-selective cholinergic agonist acetylcholine and the muscarinic agonist muscarine both caused the increace of [Ca2+]i in separately 21 out of 25 and 14 out of 18 VHCs I, while only 3 out of 20 and 2 out of 16 VHCs I had a weak increase of [Ca2+]i if investigated in calcium free extracellular solution; nicotine could increase the [Ca2+]i in 7 out of 32 VHCsⅠonly at enough high concentration(up to 10 mmol/L) in normal extracellular solution, this [Ca~(2+)]_i increase by nicotine at high concentration could not be investigated if at calcium free solution.

结果①非选择性胆碱能受体激动剂乙酰胆碱、M型胆碱能受体激动剂毒蕈碱在正常细胞外液中均可引起大部分(21/25， 14/18)单离VHCⅠ[Ca~(2+)]_i的升高，但无钙外液中ACh、muscarine仅使少部分(3/20，2/16)VHCⅠ[Ca~(2+)]_i升高且作用减弱；正常外液中，N型受体激动剂尼古丁仅在高浓度(≥10 mmol/L)时引起部分(7/32) VHCⅠ[Ca~(2+)]_i升高，在低浓度时对胞内钙离子浓度影响不明显，无钙外液中，10 mmol/L nicotine对胞内钙离子浓度影响不明显。

Because nicotine is so similar to acetylcholine, and binds to cholinergic receptors, nicotine in excess produces the same overstimulation and toxicity.

绑定到烟碱性的胆碱能受体的尼古丁越多，随后乙酰胆碱就释放的越多，更加自由地激活其他部分的胆碱能受体。

"Bethanechol:a cholinergic drug, CHCLNO, that acts principally by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system and is used in the form of its chloride to treat abdominal distention and urinary retention."

氨基甲酰甲基胆碱：一种胆碱能药，CHCLNO，主要通过剌激交感神经系统起作用，以其氯化物形式用于治疗胀肚和尿潴留。

Methods:Forty Wistar male rats were randomly divided into sham-scald group,scald injury group and scald injury+different doses of carbachol groups(20 μg/kg,40 μg/kg,60 μg/kg,80 μg/kg,100 μg/kg,120 μg/kg respectively gavaged)of carbachol respectively(each n=5).1.5 ml of phenol red was gavaged to each rat in sham-scald group.

40只Wistar雄性大鼠，随机分为假烫组(n=5)、单烫组(n=5)和口服卡巴胆碱组(n=30)，后者又根据卡巴胆碱剂量不同分为20、40、60、80、100、120μg/kg组(每组5只)。

Understand and familiarize with the classification of cholinergic agents, M effects, N effects, and also the pharmacological effects, clinical application and adverse reaction of physostigmine.

熟悉拟胆碱药的分类、M、N样作用、毒扁豆碱的作用、应用及主要不良反应；有机磷酸酯类中毒解救原则、胆碱酯酶复活药碘解磷定的作用机制和临床用途。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。