胆碱

Two kinds of water-soluble biomimetic chitosan derivatives with a phosphoramide linkage between glucosamine and choline were prepared through Atherton-Todd reaction under the mild conditions, including zwitterionic phosphorylcholine bound chitosan and acetyl-phosphorylcholine bound chitosan with positive charge. The interaction between chitosan derivatives and calf thymus DNA were inversigated by UV alsorption spectra and circular dichroism spectra.

采用Antherton-Todd反应制备了两种水溶性的磷酰化壳聚糖仿生衍生物：两性的N-磷酸胆碱磷酰化壳聚糖和带正电荷的N-乙基磷酸胆碱磷酰化壳聚糖，并用紫外吸收光谱和圆二色光谱研究了两种胆碱磷酰化壳聚糖衍生物与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用。

ChAc is an Ach's biological synthesizing enzyme and special mark of every cholinergic neuron.

ChAc是乙酰胆碱的生物合成酶，也是胆碱能神经元的特异标志酶，存在于所有胆碱能神经元，ChAc免疫反应活性被用于鉴别中枢和外周的胆碱能神经元。

In clinical. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce the breakdown of synaptic acetylcholine, have been modestly effective in improving the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease.The goal of this work is to determine enzyme kinetics and mechanisms of acetylcholinesterase and butyrlcholinesterase inhibition by five cardiovascular drugs, lovastatin, simvastatin, amlodipine besylate, nifedipine, and hydralazine hydrochloride, and two benzodiazepines, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. All drugs in this study are reversible mixed-type inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The pKi values for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by the cardiovascular drugs are linearly correlated with the molecular weights of the drugs with the slopes of 0.005 and 0.0021, respectively. Therefore, van der Waals' interactions between acetylcholinesterase and the cardiovascular drugs are stronger than those between butyrylcholinesterase and the drugs. This is probably due to a smaller active site gorge and a more significant peripheral anionic substrate binding site of acetylcholinesterase than those of butyrylcholinesterase.

本研究之目的系决定乙醯胆碱酯酵素和丁醯胆碱酯酵素被五种心脏血管药物lovastatin， simvastatin， amlodipine besylate， nifedipine、hydralazine hydrochloride和两种benzodiazepines：diazepam和Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride的抑制作用之动力学及机转，这些药物都是乙醯胆碱酯酵素和丁醯胆碱酯酵素的可逆性、混合型之抑制剂，实验结果显示，五种心血管药物对於乙醯胆碱酯酵素及丁醯胆碱酯酵素抑制之pKi值和药物之分子量呈直线之关系，斜率分别为0.005及0.0021因此丁醯胆碱酯酵素，与心血管药物间之凡德瓦作用（van der Waals' ）比乙醯胆碱酯酵素与心血管药物间者弱，这可能原因是丁醯胆碱酯酵素之活性区域比乙醯胆碱酯酵素之活性区域更宽广，但丁醯胆碱酯酵素之周边阴离子区域不及乙醯胆碱酯酵素之周边阴离子区域者明显重要，由於五种心血管药物对於乙醯胆碱酯酵素和丁醯胆碱酯酵素抑制之pKi值存在著线性关系表示此种抑制作用系经过共同之反应机理。

Clinicians should be able to recognize and treat significant toxidromes resulting from acetaminophen; anticholinergic agents including antihistamines and psychoactive drugs; anticoagulants such as warfarin or rat poison; cardiac medications including calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and digoxin; muscarinic cholinergic agents including carbamates, some mushrooms, and organophosphates; nicotinic cholinergic agents such as insecticides and nicotine; cyanide; ethylene glycol or methanol from antifreeze or rubbing alcohol; iron-containing products such as deferoxamine; opioids such as morphine, hydrocodone, or methadone; salicylate (aspirin-containing products); sulfonylurea; and sympathomimetic agents such as amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, or ephedrine.

医师必须可以辨识与治疗乙醯胺酚；抗胆碱剂，如抗组织胺与精神作用药物；抗凝血剂，如warfarin或杀鼠剂；钙离子阻断剂、乙型阻断剂、毛地黄等心脏药物；蕈毒胆碱剂，如氨基甲酸酯盐、某些有毒蘑菇、有机磷农药；菸碱性胆碱剂，如杀虫剂与尼古丁；氰化物；抗冻剂或外用酒精的乙二醇或者甲醇；含铁产品，如 deferoxamine；鸦片类，如吗啡、hydrocodone、美沙冬；水阳酸；硫醯基尿素类降血糖药；拟交感神经药物，如安非他命、咖啡因、古柯碱或麻黄素等造成的明显中毒症候群。

In the field of the agriculture, the organic phosphor and the amido formylesters were the insecticides which were broadly used for a long time.

根据胆碱酯酶对乙酰胆碱和丁酰胆碱的选择性水解作用可分为乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶。

Thus, the su tance know in commercial as "lecithin" is designated 1,2-diacyl--glycero-3-pho hory is used for the portion of the molecule exclusive of choline.

卵磷脂是胆碱磷酸甘油酯，也称为磷脂酰胆碱或最好称为3--磷脂酰胆碱。磷脂酰一词用来表示除胆碱以外的那一部分卵磷脂分子。

The results mentioned above proved that the learning and memory disturbance induced by the damaged rat substantia innominata was central cholinergic system malfunction due to the cholinergic cell damage and asending fiber antergrade degeneration and cortex was lack of cholinergic contral.

本研究结果证明：鼠脑无名质区破坏引起的学习、记忆障碍，是由于中枢胆碱能细胞损害，引起胆碱能上行投射系统顺行性变性，致使大脑皮层失胆碱能支配，发生胆碱能系统功能低下所致。

In the adult, cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental have been implicated in the generation and maintenance of REMS.

虽然在成年人和动物，胆碱能神经元被认为是主要的REM睡眠的调节神经元，已有实验证实脑桥网状结构及脚桥被盖核胆碱能神经元在REMS的触发和维持中起着关键作用，然而，胆碱能神经元对于幼年期REM睡眠的作用仍有待进一步的研究。

In conclusion,lacking for choline and methionine led to decrease growth performance decrease and tibia with short disease; Basal diet supplemented with 750 ppm – 1250 ppm Cholin improved Growth performance ,and prevented the occurrence of perosis. Higher dietary choline can alleviate the adverse effects of methionine and choline deficiency.

总结而论，缺乏胆碱与甲硫胺酸会导致生长性能下降和胫骨粗短症；饲粮中添加750~1250 ppm之胆碱可以改善生长性能及防止胫骨粗短症的发生；饲粮添加高剂量的胆碱，可以缓和甲硫胺酸和胆碱缺乏之不良影响。

The water-contact angle and swellibility of the complex membrane were also studied.The results indicated that the hydrophilicity of the composite membrane increased,and the quaternary ammonium made the membrane sensive with PH.

结果表明，磷酰胆碱改性超支化聚酯具有一定的抗凝血性，抗凝血性基本随着磷酰胆碱结构含量的增加而提高，与磷酰胆碱结构在复合膜中的绝对含量相比，羟基的转化率对血液相容性的影响更大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。