胁迫的

Thischaracteristic of Atriplex canescens is consistent with that of many local species. TheLCP of Atriplex canescens in different treatments (light, medium, no and heavy watersoil stress) are 314.8μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、272.5μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、176.7μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、143.1μmolm~(-2)s~(-1), respectively, which indicates that the LCP of Atriplex canescens is reducingwith the escalation of soil water stress. This tendency is favorable for Atriplexcanescens under drought stress to maintain certain photosynthesis even in weaksunlight so as to ensure the survival of itself, and keep balance between maintainingwater content inside and its photosynthesis.

四翅滨藜在不同土壤水分胁迫下的光补偿点：轻度土壤水分胁迫、中度土壤水分胁迫、无土壤水分胁迫和重度土壤水分胁迫下的光补偿点分别为，314.8μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、272.5μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、176.7μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)、143.1μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，说明四翅滨藜的LCP随着土壤水分胁迫的加重而呈现降低的趋势，这种变化有利于处在干旱胁迫中的四翅滨藜在光强较弱的条件下仍然能维持一定的光合作用，以满足植物自身生命活动所需，同时也可以使植物在保持体内水分和进行光合作用之间寻找平衡。

In August,there are obvious changes among different treatments under soil water stressconditions. Vs, and Vs/Va obviously raised while Va reduced, and tissue water contentalso changed. Comparing with that in July, water content of leaves in differenttreatments in August decreased by 18.06%, 2.57%, 4.82% and 9.94%, respectively.In August and September, diurnal average Tr under different treatments (light,medium, heavy and no soil water stress conditions ) are 80.90 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、76.37mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、65.46 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、42.11 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1) and 40.60mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、33.92 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、30.44 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、23.29 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1),respectively. It shows that the Tr of Atriplex canescens leaves takes a tendency ofdeclining under long-term soil water stress conditions.

随着土壤水分胁迫时间延长到8月份，各处理间相比发生了显著变化，其中Vs、Vs／Va显著升高，Va的降低，而组织含水量也发生了显著的变化；8月份各处理间(无土壤水分胁迫、轻度土壤水分胁迫、中度土壤水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫)与7月份相比叶片含水量分别降低了18.06％、2.57％、4.82％、9.94％；在8月份和9月份轻度土壤水分胁迫、中度土壤水分胁迫、重度土壤水分胁迫和无土壤水分胁迫的Tr的日均值分别为80.90 molh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、76.37mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、65.46 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、42.11 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)和40.60 molh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、33.92 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、30.44 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)、23.29 mmolh_2Om~(-2)s~(-1)，说明四翅滨藜在长期的土壤水分胁迫胁迫下叶片的蒸腾速率呈现出下降的趋势。

DPR of Atriplex canescens in differenttreatments are quite different, 2.87μmolm~(-2)s~(-1) under no soil water stress, 6.46μmolm~(-2)s~(-1) under light soil water stress, 6.06μmolm~(-2)s~(-1) under medium soil waterstress, 3.04μmolm~(-2)s~(-1) under heavy soil water stress. Comparing with the DPRunder light soil water stress, DPR decreased by 6.19% under medium soil waterstress, by 52.94% under heavy soil water stress and by 55.57% under no soil waterstress.

不同土壤水分胁迫下四翅滨藜的DRR表现出显著的差异，无土壤水分胁迫下DRR为2.87μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，轻度土壤水分胁迫的DRR为6.46μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，中度土壤水分胁迫的DRR为6.06μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，重度土壤水分胁迫的DRR为3.04μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，以轻度土壤水分胁迫为基础中度土壤水分胁迫下降了6.19％、重度土壤水分胁迫下降了52.94％、无土壤水分胁迫下降了55.57％。

Of ch a, and value of cha b/ carotinoid and cha b/flower pigment are both reduced in ChangLi 15 and Purple leaf plum, the color of the leaf is moreobvious; Under shade environment, ch a/b is reduced.

叶绿素对干旱胁迫的敏感性大于类胡萝卜素，干早胁迫对叶绿素b的伤害大于叶绿素a，到重度胁迫时，两个品种叶绿素b含量分别比对照降低了32.9％和37.7％。

In addition, the promoter of SRPP gene contains a variety of stress-responsive elements, such as HSE,MBS, TC-rich repeats, ABRE, EIRE and W box etc. These data suggest that SRPP is not only involved in rubber biosynthesis, but also plays an important role in response to various stresses in rubber trees.

此外，SRPP基因启动子还具有热激响应元件、干旱胁迫响应元件、防卫和胁迫响应元件（TC-rich repeats）、脱落酸响应元件、赤霉素响应元件和激发子响应元件等，这表明橡胶树SRPP基因不仅参与调控橡胶生物合成，而且可能是橡胶树中响应逆境信号的抗性基因，在橡胶树抵御逆境胁迫的生理过程中发挥重要作用。

We also found that the content of Na(superscript +), K(superscript +) and proline in leaves varied with different treated days. Under all treatments, the absorption of Na(superscript +) increased and the content of proline in leaves decreased with the prolonging of treated days. The absorption of K(superscript +) measured on the 7th day and the 21st day increased and was restrained on the 14th day, which lead to the decline of K(superscript +)/Na(superscript +) ratio. While the content of praline measured on the 14th day remarkably increased with the increase of salinity. Our experiment indicated the live oak seems to adapt the salt stress by increasing the absorption of K(superscript +) during the earliest and late stages of salt stress and accumulating proline in leaves during the middle stage of salt stress.

同时发现，盐胁迫处理不同时期对叶片脯氨酸含量和Na、K含量的影响各不相同，在处理7d和21d时，叶片对Na和K的吸收量均有增加，使K/Na维持相对稳定的比值，而脯氨酸含量随NaCl质量质量浓度的增加减少；在处理第14d时，对Na吸收增加的同时，抑制了对K的吸收，导致K/Na比值随NaCl质量质量浓度的增加而迅速下降，而此时叶片脯氨酸含量随着盐质量质量浓度的增加而迅速增加，表明在盐胁迫早期和晚期，弗栎可能通过增加对K的吸收以减轻Na离子毒害效应，而在盐胁迫中期，叶片积累脯氨酸是适应盐胁迫的方式之。

As a kind of abiotic stress, heavy metal stress may provoke stress response.

重金属胁迫作为非生物胁迫的一种可引起植物的胁迫应答。

We used maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginjfolia L.) as material. In the first section, we have investigated cold- shock-induced chilling, drought, heat and salt stress resistance in maize seedlings. In the second section, by modifying the Ca~ and CaM levels, we have tried to establish the involvement of calcium messenger system in the cold-shock-induced cross adaptation. In the third section, we have tried to establish a transgenic tobacco system expression CaMICaMIBP genes, so that the others can use it to investigate the process of physiology and biochemistry which endonuclear and cytosolic calmodulin have taken part in.

以玉米幼苗和烟草为实验材料，本文第一部分通过将玉米幼苗进行短期冷驯化后对冷胁迫、干旱胁迫、热胁迫及盐胁迫的影响，试图证明玉米幼苗中交叉适应现象的存在及其机理；第二部分通过外源修改Ca~(2+)和CaM水平，研究了钙信使系统在交叉适应现象中的可能作用；第三部分通过建立诱导性表达CaM/CaMBP转基因烟草体系，便于研究受细胞质CaM和细胞核CaM调控的各种生理生化过程。

As to'Cabemet Sauvignon'and'Queen of Vineyard', which belong to the'West Europe Cultivars Group', no obvious decline of Fv/Fm was found in their potted plants even under severe drought stress. Their photosynthetic abilities also greatly recovered after rewatering, i. e. no serious photodamage was formed in these cultivars under drought stress. Between them, the φPSⅡ of 'Queen of Vineyard'under severe drought stress was much lower than that of'Cabernet Sauvignon', which suggested that the light use efficiency of the former was much lower than the latter under severe drought stress. The potted plants of'Autumn Royal'and'Rizamat' sustained high Fv/Fm and φPSⅡ before moderate drought stress, but seriously declined under severe drought stress, which indicated that these cultivars had a weak resistant ability to extreme drought stress. A hybridized cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. and V. labrusca L.,'Red Double Taste', its Fv/Fm and φPSⅡ expressed mild decline along drought stress grade.φPSⅡ of'Red Double Taste'was the highest among seven cultivars under severe drought stress condition, which might closely connected with its high photorespiration activity. Another new cultivar,'Red Globe', and a rootstock,'1103Paulsen', the Fv/Fm and φPSⅡ of their potted plants declined markedly under slight drought stress, which suggested that they held a weak ability to defend against photoinhibition.

西欧品种群的赤霞珠和葡萄园皇后，其盆栽苗的Fv／Fm直到重度干旱胁迫下仍没有明显的降低，且复水后光合能力恢复程度较高，即干旱没有给这两个品种造成严重的光破坏，而两个品种之间，葡萄园皇后在重度干旱胁迫下的φPSⅡ明显低于赤霞珠，说明其光合器官在严重干旱胁迫时对光能的利用率较差；新品种皇家秋天和东方品种群的里扎马特在中度干旱胁迫下仍可维持较高的Fv／Fm和φPSⅡ，但在重度干旱胁迫下则降低幅度较大，说明其抵御极端干旱胁迫的能力较差；欧美杂种红双味的Fv／Fm和φPSⅡ随着干旱胁迫程度的增加呈现平缓的下降趋势，而且其φPSⅡ在重度干旱胁迫下是七个品种中最高的，这应该与其此时仍维持较强的光呼吸活性有关；红地球和砧木1103Paulsen的Fv／Fm和φPSⅡ在轻度干旱胁迫下就明显下降，表明干旱条件下其抵御光抑制的能力较差。

The results showed that:(1) low N stress significantly decreased the leaf SPAD value, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity and reduced distance between leaf-umbrella, leaf area. And these impact aggrandized as the stress intensity increased.(2) Responses to low-N stress were in different degrees between different varieties of rubber tree seedlings. On the whole, GT1 was most sensitive to stress, PR107 next, and RRIM600 was the least sensitive.(3) The SPAD value, DBL, LA were significantly positive correlated with LNC, NRA in the seedling leaves.

结果表明：（1）缺N胁迫明显降低了叶片SPAD值、叶片N含量和硝酸还原酶活性，缩小了叶蓬距、叶面积，且影响幅度随胁迫强度的加大而增大；（2）不同品种橡胶树实生苗对缺N胁迫的响应程度不同，总体上GT1较为敏感，PR107次之，RRIM600较不敏感；（3）橡胶树实生苗叶片SPAD值、叶蓬距、叶面积与叶片N含量、硝酸还原酶活性之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。