肿瘤

Immunotherapy is a kind of tumour treatment with bright future on improving power for killing tumour cell by starting active immunity energy of self in order to monitor cell variety, eliminate remaining carcinoma focus, to avoid transition and relapse,to increase cure rate of tumour, to prolong living time and to improve living quality etc'4'.

肿瘤特异性免疫治疗是通过启动自身主动免疫能力和提高杀伤肿瘤细胞能力，以达到监视细胞异变、消除手术残留癌灶、防止转移复发、提高肿瘤治愈率、延长存活期和提高生活质量的一种很有前途的肿瘤治疗方法。

Being common in urology, bladder cancer is mostly superficial, so its diagnosis and treatment depend much on cystoscope.

膀胱肿瘤是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤，由于膀胱肿瘤主要是尿路上皮性肿瘤，且大多呈表浅肿瘤，其诊断和治疗有赖于膀胱镜。

There are two disputing theories about the origin of cancer, that is, cancer arises from dedifferentiation of somatic cells or maturation of stem cells. Recent discoveries demonstrate that cancer cell proliferation is driven by cancer stem cells.

肿瘤的起源，即肿瘤的去分化起源和肿瘤的干细胞起源一直是有争议的，而随着干细胞研究的深入，越来越多的实验结果证实肿瘤起源于干细胞的观点。

There were 36 males and 40 females,with the average age of 47.7 years.36 patients presented with sciatica and perineal numbness,11 patients had painless mass and the other 20 were identified due to other causes.Among 67 benign neurogenic tumors,54 were originated from S1-S3 nerves,3 from S4-S5 nerves and 11 from the presacral space without caudal involvement.Giant cell tumor was found in 60 patients,which included 24 males and 36 females,with an average age of 32 years.Upper sacrum（S1-S2） was involved firstly.There were 56 patients（average,37.7 years） diagnosed as other primary benign bone tumors,which included 24 cases of teratomas,epidermoid cyst or dermoid cyst.Other malignant tumors,including chondrosarcoma （17）,Ewing′s sarcoma/PNET（14）,multiple myeloma（12）,lymphoma（6） and osteosarcoma（6） were found in 64 patients.

其中脊索瘤95例，男62例，女33例，平均年龄55.7岁，骶尾区疼痛是主要症状（82例），半数以上患者伴有坐骨神经痛，肿瘤多先累及低位骶骨（S3~S5）；神经源性肿瘤76例，男36例，女40例，平均年龄47.7岁，神经纤维瘤43例，神经鞘瘤24例，恶性神经鞘瘤9例，主诉多为坐骨神经痛、会阴部麻木（36例）和无痛性包块（11例），20例患者为查体或其他原因检查时发现，67例骶骨良性神经源性肿瘤起源于S3以上神经者54例，起源于S3以下神经者3例，发生于骶前未累及骶管者10例；骨巨细胞瘤60例，男24例，女36例，平均年龄32岁，腰骶尾部不适（37例）、坐骨神经痛（21例）是主要的临床表现，肿瘤多先累及上位骶骨（S1~S2）；骶骨其他原发良性肿瘤及瘤样病变56例，包括畸胎瘤、皮样囊肿、表皮样囊肿共24例；其他原发恶性肿瘤64例，包括软骨肉瘤17例，尤文肉瘤14例，多发性骨髓瘤12例，成骨肉瘤6例等。

That PI and the percentage of the cells in s-phase of the borderline/malignant and heteroploid/aneuploid tumors were higher ted to higher mortality and relapse rate as well as the corresponding risk. Because of the changable characters and dissociative phenomenon of the tumor, the measurement of PI and the percentage of cells in s-phase may be disturbed in few of diploid tumor and in part of double DNA stem ones. Therefore other paramet- ers should be added to analyse before making any conclu- sion.

交界性和恶性、异倍体或非整倍体肿瘤的PI和S期细胞百分率较高，病死加复发率和相对危险性增加；由于肿瘤的异质性和"分离现象"，对于少数2倍体肿瘤和部分双DNA干系肿瘤PI和S期细胞百分率的测定易受干扰，故应结合其它参数综合分析。

The concentration of DOX in tumor and the apoptotic rate in cancer cell were all higher in DOX plus CWQ group than that in other groups.

结果 阿霉素和肠胃清单独给药均不能抑制肿瘤组织的生长，阿霉素与肠胃清联合能显著减少肿瘤组织的重量，增加肿瘤组织内的阿霉素浓度，诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡。

The main influential factors on surgical results were whether presence of encasement of the basilar artery and its branches and of the arachnoidal cleavage plane between the tumor and the brain stem.

肿瘤不能全切除和出现严重并发症的主要原因是肿瘤包裹了基底动脉及其分支以及肿瘤破坏了软脑膜使肿瘤与脑干间失去界面。

The reason is the tumor cells escape the immunosurveillance whose mechanism is very complex. In general, the explanation is based on two aspects, one is that the tumor cells can passively escape the host immunosurveillance when the host immnue state is low and another is tumor cells can actively secrete factors to down-regulate immune function.

肿瘤逃避免疫监视的机制非常复杂，但总体上可从宿主免疫状态及肿瘤细胞等方面来解释，在宿主免疫状态低下时，肿瘤细胞可以被动地逃避免疫监视，但是肿瘤细胞也能主动地释放一些活性物质，下调免疫杀瘤作用，该作用主要通过两个途径，即对免疫细胞功能的调节和免疫细胞数量的调节。

It is characterized by malignant unusual hyperplasia and soading of cells in medulla ossium and other tissues, which can damage the normal hemopoiesis function and the mechanism of blood coagulation fibrinolysis and immunology.

机体的免疫功能与肿瘤的发生和发展有密切关系，当宿主免疫功能与肿瘤的发生和发展有密切关系，当宿主免疫功能低下或受抑制时，肿瘤发病率增高，而在肿瘤进行性生长时，患者的免疫功能进一步受到抑制。

Study shows that strengthening body resistance and archaeus herbs have many effects,such as improving and adjusting immunity function,protecting bone marrow,improving haematogenesis function,raising digest and absorb function,improving substance metabolism,preventing gene mutation,inhibiting tumor cell proliferation,inducing tumor cell differentiation or apoptosis,resisting tumor invasion and metastasis,inhibiting formation of tumor vessel and activity of telomerase,etc.It's possibly the result of synergistic effect by multi-pathway and multi-target.

研究表明，扶正培本药物具有增强和调节机体免疫功能、保护骨髓及提高机体造血机能、增加消化吸收功能，改善物质代谢、阻止基因突变、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导分化、促使肿瘤细胞凋亡、抗肿瘤侵袭与转移、抑制肿瘤血管形成及肿瘤细胞端粒酶活性等多种作用，其发挥的扶正作用可能是多途径、多靶点联合协同作用的结果。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。