肿瘤

In the model of tumor cells metastases with cell line A673, 10〓 tumor cells can be detected after only one ampliation with outer primers, which means we can find 1 tumor cells in 10〓 normal PBMC, and enlarged again with inner primers, 10〓 tumor cells can be detected, which means we can find 1 tumor cell in 10〓 normal PBMC. In the simulative model of tumor cells metastases with RNA, 10〓 tumor cell can be detected that is to say we can find 1 tumor cell in about 10〓 normal PBMC. In all 15 samples of 11 patients, 2 patients'EWS/FLI1 expressions were negative, no evidence of metastases was found followed up by 8 months and 30 months respectively. Semi-quantitative study was used to detect the expression level of EWS/FLI1 mRNA in the other 9 positive patients, and metastases occurred in 6 high-level expression patients in 2-24 months after the operation, no evidence of metastases in the other 3 low-level expression patients up to now.

应用A673细胞系建立的肿瘤转移模型，单独应用外引物进行一次扩增，可以检测到10〓级肿瘤细胞，即可以从10〓个正常细胞中检测到1个肿瘤细胞；而在此基础上再次应用内引物扩增，则可以检测到10〓级肿瘤细胞，即可以从10〓个正常细胞中检测到1个肿瘤细胞；在用RNA模拟的肿瘤细胞转移模型中，两次扩增可以检测到10〓级肿瘤细胞，即可以从10〓个正常细胞中检测到1个肿瘤细胞。11例患者的15份标本中，2例没有检测到EWS/FLI1 mRNA的表达，分别随访8个月和30个月，没有发现临床转移的证据；对其余9例阳性表达的病例进行半定量的研究，6例EWS/FLI1 mRNA高表达的病例，分别在术后2-24个月发生转移，而3例EWS/FLI1 mRNA低表达的病例，则至今没有发现转移的证据。

Diffusion-weighted imaging can provide qualitative and quantitative information at cellular level about tumor cellularity and the integrity of cell membranes.

磁共振全身弥散加权成像能提供细胞水平的定性和定量信息，反映肿瘤细胞构成及细胞膜完整性的变化，尤其是近几年发展的磁共振全身弥散加权成像技术，在诊断全身肿瘤原发灶，筛查全身肿瘤转移灶方面具有一定的优势，本文就其在肿瘤筛查、肿瘤特征描述、肿瘤良恶性鉴别、肿瘤疗效评估等方面的作用予以综述。

Materials and Methods:MRI findings of 183 cases with cranial nerve tumors including 135 acoustic nerve tumors,35 tregemimal nerve tumors, 3 olfactory nerve tumors, 3 optic nerve tumors, 3 hypoglossal nerve tumors, 2 vagus nerve tumors, 1 facial nerve tumor and 1 glossopharyngeal nerve tumor verified by operation and pathology were analyzed. Results: Of the cranial nerve tumors,177 were benign tumors,6 were malignant tumors.

材料和方法：收集了183例资料完整，均经手术和病理证实的脑神经肿瘤病例，其中嗅神经肿瘤3例，视神经肿瘤3例，三叉神经肿瘤35例，面神经肿瘤1例，听神经肿瘤135例，迷走神经肿瘤2例，舌咽神经肿瘤1例，舌下神经肿瘤3例。

Another important yet little-appreciated cause of anticancer drug resistance is the limited ability of drugs to penetrate tumor tissue and to reach all of the tumor cells in a potentially lethal concentration. To reach all viable cells in the tumor, anticancer drugs must be delivered efficiently through the tumor vasculature, cross the vessel wall, and traverse the tumor tissue.

另一个重要的但并未受到重视的产生肿瘤耐药的原因是肿瘤药物本身具有有限的穿越肿瘤组织在肿瘤细胞中达到潜在的致死浓度，为了达到肿瘤组织中的活细胞，抗肿瘤药物必须能够有效的穿越肿瘤的脉管系统、穿越血管壁进入肿瘤组织。

Tumor cells grew actively in the tumor tissues of the control group. Prodrug therapy group: small amount of tumor cells were denatured vacuously,others were infiltrated by lympholeukocyte,and the growth of tumor cells were surspressed.Prodrug themochemotherapy group: what we can see that tumor cells were denatured vacuously, mesoplasts crinkled, cellular boundary disappered, only a small number of tumor cells remained, fibroblast were seen scatteredly, tumor cells were invaded by a lot of lympholeukocyte and eosinophilic granulocyte. Normal liver tissues, stomach tissues, lung tissues, pancreas tissues, small intestine tissues, large intestine tissues showed normal shape.

对照组肿瘤组织见肿瘤细胞生长活跃；前药治疗组肿瘤组织见有少量细胞空泡变性，少量淋巴细胞浸润，肿瘤细胞生长受到抑制；前药热疗组肿瘤组织可见肿瘤细胞空泡变性，细胞核皱缩，边集甚至消失，仅残留少量肿瘤细胞，并可见散在的成纤维细胞，大量淋巴细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润；3组裸鼠正常肝组织、胃、肺、胰腺、小肠、大肠组织均呈正常形态学，无病理性损伤改变。

The duodenoscopy and the biopsy are the principle methods for the diagnosis of the duodenal tumor; the therapy varies as the location of the tumor differs in such a way that the gastroduodenotectomy is advisable mainly for the tumor above the papilla, the duodenal segmental excision is for the tumor below the papilla, and either the pancreatoduodenectomy or the local excision of the duodenal tumor is to be the choice for the papilla periphery tumor according to the biological property of the tumor itself.

纤维十二指肠镜检查和活检是诊断十二指肠肿瘤的主要方法；肿瘤部位不同，治疗方法亦异，乳头上方肿瘤以胃十二指肠切除为主，乳头下方肿瘤以十二指肠节段性切除为主，乳头周围肿瘤根据肿瘤生物学特性选择胰十二指肠切除或经十二指肠肿瘤局部切除或ESE。

The duodenoscopy and the biopsy are the principle methods for the diagnosis of the duodenal tumor; the therapy varies as the location of the tumor differs in such a way that the gastroduodenotectomy is advisable mainly for the tumor above the papilla, the duodenal segmental excision is for the tumor below the papilla, and either the pancreatoduodenectomy or the local excision of the duodenal tumor is to be the choice for the papilla periphery tumor according to the biological property of the tumor itself.

纤维十二指肠镜检查和活检是诊断十二指肠肿瘤的主要方法；肿瘤部位不同，治疗方法亦异，乳头上方肿瘤以胃十二指肠切除为主，乳头下方肿瘤以十二指肠节段性切除为主，乳头四周肿瘤根据肿瘤生物学特性选择胰十二指肠切除或经十二指肠肿瘤局部切除或ESE。

Classification by histogenesis:(1) Primary tumor 6 679 cases: epitheliogenic 2 481 cases (37.15%), mesenchymal 753 cases (11.27%), lympho-hematopoietic 102 cases (1.53%), neurogenic 1 542 cases (23.09%), congenital abnormal embryogenetic 1 767 cases (26.46%), uncertain resource tumor 34 cases (0.50%).(2) Secondary tumor 13 cases;(3) Metastatic tumor 9 cases;(4) Non-tumor lesion 1 972 cases.

按组织发生学分类：（1）原发性肿瘤6 679例（77.01%），其中上皮组织肿瘤2 481例（37.15%），间叶组织肿瘤753例（11.27%），淋巴造血组织肿瘤102例（1.53%），神经组织肿瘤1 542例23.09%），先天胚胎发育异常肿瘤1 767例（26.46%），不明来源肿瘤34例（0.50%）；（2）继发性肿瘤13例(0.15%；（3）转移性肿瘤9例(0.10%)；（4）非肿瘤性病变1 972例(22.74%)。

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss the clinical pathologic features and differential diagnosis of mixed germ cell sex cord stromal tumorwith malignant variant of germ cell tumor Methods The clinical pathologic datum and immunophenotype were studied in the case of ovary MGCSCST with malignant variance of germ cell tumor Results The patient's genital anatomy and female phenotype were normal,karotypes was 46xx with uterogestation The tumor tissue consisted of mixed germ cells and sex cord stromal cells with evident malignancy of mixed germ cells There was no atypical structure of gonadoblastoma in tumor tissue Conclusion MGCSCSST has complex morphosis,thus,to prevent misdiagnosis,more samples should be collected and more slices be cut The patient may have prognosis malo when there are high malignant variants of mixed germ cells in tumor tissue

目的 探讨混合性生殖细胞性索间质肿瘤(mixed germ cell sex cord stromal tumor，MGCSCST)伴恶性生殖细胞肿瘤变异型的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断。方法卵巢MGCSCST伴恶性生殖细胞肿瘤变异型的病例进行临床病理特征和免疫表型分析。结果患者生殖器的解剖结构和女性表型正常，染色体组型是46xx，足月妊娠。肿瘤组织由混合性生殖细胞和性索间质肿瘤构成，混合性生殖细胞有显著的恶性特征。瘤组织中没有典型的性腺母细胞瘤结构。结论 MGCSCST有复杂的形态结构，因此更多的取材和切片可以防止误诊，当肿瘤组织中的混合性生殖细胞有高度恶性变异时，患者预后不良。卵巢肿瘤；生殖细胞性索间质肿瘤；免疫组织化学

Most of cases had following characteristic MRI findings: olfactory nerve tumors were often located at anterior cranial fossae and appeared as lobulated mass; optic nerve tumors presented as nerve thickening; tregemimal nerve tumors usually grew across the middle and posterior cranial fossae and appeared as a collar-button appearance; tumors of Ⅷ nerves were nerve thickening and located at CPA; facial nerve tumor was located in mastoid with irregular shape; hypoglossal nerve tumors, vagus nerve tumors and hypoglossal nerve tumors were often located in an enlarged jugular foramen.

脑神经肿瘤发生在特定部位，大部分有特征性MRI表现：嗅神经肿瘤多位于颅前窝，呈分叶状；视神经肿瘤多有神经束增粗；三叉神经肿瘤骑跨颅中、后窝生长，呈哑铃状；听神经肿瘤为第Ⅶ、Ⅷ神经束增粗，并与桥小脑角区肿瘤相连；面神经肿瘤位于乳头内，形态不规则；舌咽、迷走、舌下神经肿瘤位于颈静脉孔区，往往伴有颈静脉孔扩大。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。