肾小球

To characterize the distribution of blood pressure, prevalence, and risk factors for hypertension in pediatric chronic kidney disease, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline BPs in 432 children (mean age 11 years; 60% male; mean glomerular filtration rate 44 mL/min per 1.73 m2) enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort study. BPs were obtained using an aneroid sphygmomanometer.

为了描绘血压的分布，流行和引儿童慢性肾功能不全引起的高血压的危险因子，我们对432名患有慢性肾功能不全的儿童的血压进行了一项有代表性的配伍研究（平均年龄为11岁，60%为男性，平均肾小球滤过率为44ml/min1.73m2）血压的测量是利用无水银血压计进行的，而肾小球滤过率则是根据碘海醇的清除率来测定。

Methods Changes relating to glomerular function, structure and glomerular basement membrane ultrastructure were observed.

观察低分子肝素对肾小球功能、形态及肾小球基底膜超微结构的影响。

The IgA is deposited mainly in mesangium , which then increases mesangial cellularity as shown at the arrow.

IgA 主要沉积在肾小球膜上，图中箭头所示肾小球系膜细胞数目增多。

Serum levels of TIMP-1 were gradually increasing with the progression of diabetic nephropathy,The results strongly suggested that TIMP-1 may contribute to vascular remodeling during the development and progression of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, TIMP-1 may mediate remodeling of glomerular basemment membrane and glomerulos-clerosi and plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy.

随着糖尿病肾病的病情进展，血清中TIMP-1水平逐渐增高，提示TIMP-1可能参与了糖尿病患者动脉硬化、动脉粥样斑块的形成及高血压的血管重塑过程；TIMP-1可能介导了肾小球ECM积聚，肾小球基底膜重塑、肾小球硬化，在糖尿病肾病发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。

Kidney pathology showed: the renal glomerulus in model group was damaged seriously, about 25% renal glomerulus was healthy. And the pathological changes involved renal glomerulus、tubulus renalis and interrenal nature. Those were broad response of inflammation.

8肾脏病理镜下见：实验组SD大鼠肾小球严重破坏，健全肾小球在25%左右，肾脏病理改变涉及肾小球、肾小管及肾间质，是广泛的炎性反应连续性破坏病变。

The result showed, of 50 CGN patients, 29 cases were MsPGN, 11 cases IgAN, 4 cases MN, 3 cases MPGN, 1 case ML, FSGS and PSGN. The completely remittent rate is 32%, and the partly remittent rate is 54%. The total effective rate is 86%. The total effective rate of MsPGN and IgAN is 96. 35% and 90.91% respectively, which are superior to that (50%) of other types (p.01 and p.05). The result show.

结果50例CGN患者中有系膜增生性肾炎29例，IgA肾病11例，膜性肾病4例，膜增生性肾炎3例，肾小球轻微病变、局灶性节段性肾小球硬化症、增生性硬化性肾小球肾炎各1例。50例患者的临床疗效为完全缓解率32％，部分缓解率54％，总有效率86％；其中MsPGN和IgAN总有效率分别为96.35％和90.91％，明显优于总有效率为50％的其他病理类型（P.01和P.05）。

Research discovers kidney spherule sufficient cell can secrete VEGF, through be secreted oneself or by secrete sufficient cell of action and kidney spherule and cell of kidney spherule endodermis to go up union accepting put oneself in another's position, in order to adjust its function.

探究发现肾小球足细胞可以分泌VEGF，通过自分泌或旁分泌功能和肾小球足细胞和肾小球内皮细胞上受体结合，以调节其功能。

Cases healthy subjects served as control. In addition, density of glomerular matrix membrane and quantity of cell in glomeruli were measured with CMIAS image analysis system by computer. Global sclerosis, cellular crescents, fiber or fibrocellular crescents were measured with Memphis scope. Tubulointerstitial lesions were examined with semi-quantitative grades (including O-III grades).Results Compared to normal control, there was a significant increase of urinary TGF-betaK IL-6 and Col-lV levels in patients with IgAN (p. 01). There were also significantly positive correlation between the levels of urinary TGF-betaK Col-IV and density of glomerular matrix membrane ., interstitial fibrosisp.

采用酶联免疫吸附法测定尿TGF-β1(Transforming growth factor-β1)、尿IL-6(interleukin-6)和尿Col-Ⅳ(type Ⅳ Collagen)；采用免疫组织化学法检测肾组织TGF-β1、Col-Ⅳ表达；应用CMIAS多功能真彩色病理图像分析系统对肾小球基质基底膜面密度和细胞个数进行半定量测定；对球性硬化、节段硬化、细胞新月体及纤维或纤维细胞新月体所占肾小球百分数和肾小球IgA沉积免疫荧光强弱的判断采用Memphis法进行评分；肾小管间质病变程度采用光镜下半定量分级法(包括0-Ⅲ级)。

Results: The renal perfusion was increased in diabetes group after the injection of alloxan. The PSI, AUC and ascending slope rate of the curve of the time-intensity curve were increased in 1w and 2w with decreased of HPT; the pathological examination exhibited glomeruli hypertrophy and no thickening of basal lamina. The PSI and AUC in 4w and 6w were more than that of control group; the PIT and ascending slope rate of the curve got closed to normal in 4w and 6w; the intercapillary cells increased. The speed of ascending slope rate of the curve in 8w, 10w and 12w was slower, shown as PIT and HPT delayed; the pathological examination showned increasing of mesangial cell, hyperplasia of mesangial matrix and thickening of basal lamina, followed with obliteration of partial micrangium, glomerular sclerosis and reduce of PSI in 12w.

结果：糖尿病组兔注射四氧嘧啶后肾皮质血流灌注增大，1周、2周表现为时间-强度曲线参数中峰值强度升高、曲线下面积增大、达峰时间缩短、曲线上升斜率升高，此时病理可见肾小球肥大，系膜基质正常，基底膜无增厚；4周、6周，峰值强度、曲线下面积高于对照组，达峰时间、曲线上升斜率接近正常，系膜细胞增多。8周、10周、12周，达峰时间延长、曲线上升斜率减慢、峰值强度减半时间延长，病理出现肾小球系膜细胞明显增多，系膜基质增生，基底膜增厚，至12周病理出现部分毛细血管管腔闭塞，肾小球节段性硬化，峰值强度测值减低。

D. N big mouse model was successfully made by adopting single side kidney cutting with induction, then by 24 week continuos observation on the change of various values of kidney and function, through testing of immunity florescence, electro-scope and optical scope, what we can see from model group is that typical kidney small cell got hardened by knot, and discarded, and dead, also small tube withered, small cell of on base film got thick, cell capsule wall was fibred, and base film got double layered.

实验研究采用单侧肾切除加以链脲佐菌素诱导，成功地复制出糖尿病肾病大鼠模型，对其肾脏结构和功能的改变各项指标，连续进行24周动态观察，并进行免疫荧光、电镜、光镜检测，结果表明：糖尿病肾病模型组可见典型的肾小球节段硬化、废弃、坏死，有大量蛋白管型，肾小球管糖元空泡沉积及脂肪滴，肾小管萎缩，肾小球基底膜明显增厚，球囊壁纤维化，基底膜双层化，有一例结核性肉芽组织及钙化等病理变化。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。