肾小体

Results Eleven cases of TBMN in children were showed as isolated hematuria, glomerule with normal appearance or slight change and characterized by diffuse thin basement membrane in ultrastructural observation( the thickness of GBM＜ 200 nm, and dense-layer＜ 100 nm).

结果：11例小儿TBMN临床主要表现为单纯血尿，无其它明显的阳性体征，光镜下肾小球无明显改变或轻微异常，未见蛋白管型，包曼囊内及肾小管腔内可见渗出的红细胞，电镜下GBM广泛变薄，平均厚度＜200 nm，致密层厚度＜100 nm。

Results (1) 6 cases of Tuberous Sclerosis. Diffused subependymal nodular calcification lesions were found in all cases on unenhenced CT. 4 patients are 2 pairs of mother/child relationship. Both of the two mothers are found to suffer from renal angiomyolipoma.(2)1 case of neurofibromatosis showed abnormal spinal canal: scoliosis of thoracic and lumbar spine, concave change of vertebral posterior border. Bilateral renal hypogenesis was found in this patient. Diffused hyper-density lesions were found in kidney and fatty accumulation was found in back skin.(3)6 cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome. On unenhenced CT, curving and strip-shaped calcifications were found along the parietal and occipital gyrus.

结果 ①结节性硬化6例，所有病例CT平扫见两侧脑室室管膜下多发小结节状高密度钙化灶，其中4例为两对母子关系，并见两位母亲合并有肾脏错构瘤，；②神经纤维瘤病1例，MRI表现为椎管异常，胸腰段脊柱侧弯，椎体后缘呈明显的切凹改变；伴有双肾发育不良，CT示肾内多个高密度影，背部皮肤多量脂肪堆积，③脑颜面血管瘤综合征6例， CT可见顶枕部沿脑回分布的弯曲的条状高密度钙化，部分延伸致侧脑室内，增强后见病灶内有扭曲的条状和结节状明显强化的血管影；④小脑血管瘤病4例，影像学表现为小脑内大囊、小结节样占位性病变。

Mitochondria was relatively little in size. Round primary lysosome with high electron-densed granules and secondary lysosome with high or low electron-densed granules were seen frequently. DCs contained many rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and ribosomes. The vacuoles with flocculent electron-densed granules were rare. Some special granules in cytoplasm were seen, whose surface like earphone were covered with a membrane. High electron-densed contents in the granules were near one side and the other side was bright. The nucleus became markedly small in volume, nephroid or hoofed in shape. The nucleus had little euchromatin and lots of heterochromatin under nuclear membrane.

子宫内膜癌组织DC超微结构特征如下：细胞形态不规则，与正常子宫内膜组织DC相比，胞膜较光滑，胞膜表面树突状胞浆突起显著减少，部分突起呈粗短状；胞质中线粒体相对少，圆形而电子密度高的初级溶酶体和不规则形且电子密度高低不一的次级溶酶体多见；高尔基体、粗面内质网、核糖体丰富；含微量絮状电子致密物的胞饮小泡显著减少；胞质中可见形态特殊的颗粒，该颗粒外周膜包裹，略呈圆形，中间部位稍弯曲，如耳机状，颗粒中由高电子致密物居于一侧，而另一侧则呈透亮状；胞核显著减小，居于胞质一侧，常呈肾形或马蹄形，核内常染色质较少，异染色质多边集于核膜下。

The stable clones are further identified by RT-PCR and Western blot; 6 MTT assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the cell growth of cells (AGS, SGC7901, MKN28, NIH3T3, GES-1); 7 Soft agar assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the clonality of cells (AGS, MKN28); 8 Nude mice assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the cell growth of gastric cancer cells (AGS, MKN28); 9 Flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the cell cycle distribution of cells (AGS, MKN28, NIH3T3, GES-1); 10 Flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the cell apoptosis of cells (AGS, MKN28, NIH3T3); 11 MTT assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the drug sensitivity of cancer cells (SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR, HL-60, HL-60/VCR) in vitro; 12 SRCA is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the drug sensitivity of gastric cancer cells (SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR) in vivo; 13 Flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on adriamycin accumulation of cancer cells (SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR, HL-60, HL-60/VCR); 14 Transmission electron microscope is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the sensitivity of SGC7901 cells towards drug-induced apoptosis; 15 Flow cytometry and DNA ladder assay are used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the sensitivity of cells (SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR, HL-60/VCR) towards drug-induced apoptosis; 16 Microarray is used to investigate the profiling of ZNRD1-responsive genes in gastric cancer cells (AGS, MKN28, SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR); 17 RT-PCR and Western blot are used to identify the results of microarray; 18 Reporter gene assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the transcriptional activity of cyclin D1; 19 Reporter gene assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the transcriptional activity of MDR1; 20 Kinase assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the activity of cyclin E-CDK2 kinase; 21 The antisensenucleic acids of p21 is used to inhibit the expression of p21, and flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of p21 on ZNRD1-induced cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells; 22 The antisensenucleic acids of p27 is used to inhibit the expression of p27, and flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of p27 on ZNRD1-induced cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells; 23 Liposome is used to up-regulate the expression of Skp2, and flow cytometry is used to investigate the effect of Skp2 on ZNRD1-induced cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells; 24 Western blot is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the stability of Skp2 and p27 in gastric cancer cells; 25 MVD assay is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the angiopoietic activity of gastric cancer cells; 26 ELISA is used to investigate the effect of ZNRD1 on the expression of VEGF165 in gastric cancer cells; 27 The roles of DARPP-32 in MDR of gastric cancer cells are investigated using gene transfection, MTT assay, SRCA, flow cytometry and DNA ladder assay.

应用杂交瘤技术制备ZNRD1的首个单克隆抗体；2）利用RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组化检测ZNRD1在胃癌组织、胃炎组织、正常胃上皮组织、胃癌细胞和正常胃组织上皮细胞中的表达；3）构建ZNRD1的小干扰RNA载体，并测序鉴定；4）利用脂质体将ZNRD1的真核表达载体及其空载体转染胃癌细胞（AGS、SGC7901、MKN28）和小鼠成纤维细胞（NIH3T3），G418筛选后进行鉴定；5）利用脂质体将ZNRD1的小干扰RNA载体及其空载体转染药敏胃癌细胞（SGC7901）、正常胃组织上皮细胞（GES-1）、对长春新碱耐药的胃癌细胞（SGC7901/VCR）、药敏白血病细胞（HL-60）、对长春新碱耐药的白血病细胞（HL-60/VCR），G418筛选后进行鉴定；6）利用MTT实验检测ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（AGS、SGC7901、MKN28、NIH3T3、GES-1）生长的影响；7）通过软琼脂克隆形成实验检测上调ZNRD1对AGS、MKN28细胞克隆形成能力的影响；8）通过裸鼠成瘤实验检测上调ZNRD1对AGS、MKN28细胞体内成瘤性的影响；9）通过流式细胞仪分析ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（AGS、MKN28、NIH3T3、GES-1）的细胞周期的影响；10）通过流式细胞仪分析上调ZNRD1对细胞（AGS、MKN28、NIH3T3）的凋亡的影响；11）通过MTT实验检测ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（SGC7901、SGC7901/VCR、HL-60、HL-60/VCR）体外药物敏感性的影响；12）通过肾包膜下移植法检测ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（SGC7901、SGC7901/VCR）体内药物敏感性的影响；13）通过流式细胞仪分析ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（SGC7901、SGC7901/VCR、HL-60、HL-60/VCR）内阿霉素蓄积和泵出的影响；14）通过透射电镜检测上调ZNRD1对SGC7901细胞凋亡敏感性的影响；15）通过流式细胞仪和DNA梯度试验检测ZNRD1高/低表达对细胞（SGC7901、SGC7901/VCR、HL-60）凋亡敏感性的影响；16）通过基因芯片检测ZNRD1高/低表达对胃癌细胞内基因表达谱的影响；17）利用RT-PCR、Western blot对基因芯片的结果进行鉴定；18）利用报告基因实验检测ZNRD1对cyclin D1的启动子活性的调节作用；19）利用报告基因实验检测ZNRD1高/低表达对MDR1的启动子活性的调节作用；20）利用激酶试验检测ZNRD1对cyclin E-CDK2 激酶活力的影响；21）利用反义核酸技术抑制p21的表达；通过流式细胞仪检测抑制p21对ZNRD1介导的细胞周期阻滞的影响；22）利用反义核酸技术抑制p27的表达；通过流式细胞仪检测抑制p27对ZNRD1介导的细胞周期阻滞的影响；23）利用脂质体转染法上调Skp2的表达；通过流式细胞仪检测上调Skp2对ZNRD1介导的细胞周期阻滞的影响；24）利用Western blot检测ZNRD1对p27和Skp2的蛋白稳定性的影响；25）利用微血管密度实验检测ZNRD1对AGS、MKN28细胞裸鼠移植瘤微血管形成的影响；26）利用ELISA检测ZNRD1对AGS、MKN28细胞培养上清和移植瘤匀浆中VEGF165含量的影响；27）利用脂质体转染法、MTT实验、肾包膜下移植法、流式细胞仪和DNA梯度试验检测新耐药相关分子DARPP-32对细胞（SGC7901、SGC7901/VCR、对阿霉素耐药的胃癌细胞SGC7901/ADR）多药耐药表型的影响；利用脂质体转染法和MTT实验检测下调ZNRD1对DARPP-32介导的胃癌多药耐药的调控作用。

As with rhIL-1β, rhTNFα(100ng/ ml) can also provoked ICAM-1 surface expression by HMC. We also found VCAM-1 mRNA expression by HMC in normal culture condition and exposure of mesangial cells to rhTNFαis associated with increased VCAM-1 mRNA lavels rapidly (4 hours).These exploration indicate (1) glomerular and tubular ICAM-1 expression level correlate with inflammatory degree of glomerulus and TNF-αexpression level (2) VCAM-1 may have certain role in patients of lupus nephritis and crescentic nephritis (3) Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 may be regulated in vivo by cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β).

与轻度系膜增生性肾炎病人血清中的VCAM-1水平比较狼疮肾炎病人血清中VCAM-1的水平显著增加；（3）rhIL-1β（25ng/ml）不但能增加ICAM-1 mRNA的表达，还增加ICAM-1蛋白的表达；rhTNFα（100ng／ml）对ICAM-1蛋白表达和VCAM-1 mRNA基因表达均有明显的上调作用，结果提示：肾小球和肾小管ICAM-1表达水平与肾小球炎症病变程度有关；VCAM-1在狼疮肾炎和新月体肾炎的发生发展中可能有重要作用；体内ICAM-1和VCAM-1的表达可能受TNFα和IL-1β的调节。

FGFR4 expression was faint in renal vesicle and primitive tubules of S-shaped body, irrecognizable in urteric bud and podocyte of C-stage, negative in mesenchyme and condensing mesenchyme.

胚胎肾发生带内FGFR4表达微弱，肾囊泡和S型小体的上支和中间支，即原始肾小管上皮细胞部位有微弱表达，间充质、压缩间充质未见表达，输尿管芽及其末端壶腹和C-期足细胞表达不明显。

The rest of proteins, peptides and amino acids are reabsorbed by podocytes and labyrinth cells, then become formed bodies and secreted into urinary space again and flow with the urine. These nutritions are digested in formed bodies and then reabsorbed and utilized by cells of nephridial canal.

该滤液中的葡萄糖和部分蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸由足细胞重吸收并消化利用，剩余部分蛋白质、多肽和氨基酸由足细胞和迷路细胞重吸收形成形成小体后再进入尿隙随尿液流动，并在形成小体中被消化，最后被原肾管细胞吸收利用。

The relationships of VEGF with the indices of renal damage, including renal/body weight, urinary protein excretion, glomerular volume and glomerular area, were analyzed. Results The expression of VEGF mRNA in diabetic kidney was significantly up-regulated after operation from 2 weeks to 24 weeks with the peak level at 20weeks, when compared with control at the same time- points. The positive results of VEGF staining in diabetic glomeruli was increasingly observed after operation from 2 weeks to 24 weeks, with the peak at 20 weeks. The positive results of VEGF staining in diabetic tubuli was increasingly seen from 2 weeks to 24 weeks, with the peak at 8 weeks.

结果 VEGF mRNA在糖尿病模型组大鼠肾脏中持续高表达，各时点与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P.05)；糖尿病组2~24周肾小球VEGF蛋白表达强于对照组(P.05)，24周时有所减弱，但仍强于对照组；糖尿病组各时点肾小管VEGF蛋白表达均强于对照组(p.05)， 8周后表达明显增强；VEGF表达变化与肾质量／体质量(r=0.518， P＝0.001)、尿蛋白(r=0.409， p=0.001)、肾小球面积(r=0.499， P-0.000)和体积(r=0.499， P-0.000)呈正相关。

The increased and damaged lysosomes cause the renal damages in the early phase of endotoxic shock in macaque.

在猕猴内毒素性休克早期，溶酶体增多和损伤引起了肾小球和肾小管损伤。

Methods: Paraffin (7 μm in thickness) and methacrylate resin (25 μm) embedded renal sections were observed using 40× objective lens and 100× oil lens, respectively, and the volume fractions and diameters of the renal tubules and the tubule nuclei were estimated with stereological methods.

分别用高倍镜(40×物镜)和油镜(10 0×)观察石蜡(7μm厚)和甲基丙烯酸树脂(2 5 μm厚)包埋的肾脏切片，利用体视学方法测量肾小管的体积分数和直径以及肾小管细胞核的体积分数和直径。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。