肺泡支气管性的

Centrilobular emphysema occurs with loss of the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus , with sparing of distal alveoli.

腺泡中央型肺气肿的发生是腺泡中央的呼吸性细支气管呈囊性扩张，而肺泡管、肺泡囊扩张不明显。

The respiratory portion begins when an air sac first arise which appears as an outpocketing of the bronchiole.

呼吸性细支气管：壁上有散在的肺泡开口，上皮为单层立方上皮，在肺泡开口处，移行为单层扁平上皮。

Machine of concealed source sex turns a sex pneumonic is one kind a qualitative sex that names with clinical pathology is pneumonic, COP was 1985 Epler [the pathology performance that 1] offers is pulmonary alveolus inside, fine bronchus of sex of alveolar canal, breath and eventually the independent disease that end fine bronchus has granulation organization to form inside antrum is planted, say to send a gender especially again machine of fine bronchitic companion turns out-of-the-way sex the gender is pneumonic , will nearly 20 years report gradually grow in quantity, easy infection, n/med tuberculosis, tumour, as nodal as lung disease, other a disease of qualitative sex lung promiscuous, reached my courtyard to received vivid check of treated bronchus lens lung 2008 2007 now (8 case that TBLB) wins pathology to confirm are analysed as follows.

概要： 隐源性机化性肺炎是一类以临床病理命名的间质性肺炎，COP是1985年Epler等[1]提出的病理表现为肺泡内、肺泡管、呼吸性细支气管及终末细支气管腔内有肉芽组织形成的独立病种，又称特发性闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎，近20年来报道逐渐增多，易和肺部感染、结核、肿瘤、结节病、其他间质性肺疾病等混淆，现将我院2007年至2008年收治的支气管镜肺活检获得病理证实的8例病例分析如下。

The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface.

胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏，深层的胸膜下微血管网致密；胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行，与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接；根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序，常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在，但在铸型上均可见数量不等的"小孔状"结构；低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构，可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。

Results: Amang 128 patients, 56 cases were diagnosed as pulmonary carcinoma (43.75%), of which 30 cases were squamous carcinoma (53.57%), 22 cases were adenocarcinoma (39.29%), 4 cases were small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (7.14%); 37 cases were bronchial pneumonia (28.91%), in which 30 cases were given brush sampling, bacterial culture of BALF, the detectable rate of pathogenic bacteria were 50%(15 cases) and 40%(12eases) respectively; 12 eases were pulmonary tuberculosis (9.38%), of which 3 eases (25%) had concurrent endobronchial tuberculosis, smear of brush biopsy and BALF found Mycobacterium tuberculosis were 11 eases (91.67%) and 5 eases (41.67%) respectively, 2 eases were diagnosed as caseous tubereulous granuloma (16.67%); 2 eases were idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (1.56%), lease was lymphoma of long.

结果：128例患者确诊为肺癌56例(43.75%)，其中鳞癌30例(53.57%)，腺癌22例(39.29%)，小细胞癌4例(7.14%)；支气管肺部炎症病变37例(28.91%)，其中30例经防污毛刷采样、支气管肺泡灌洗液行细菌学培养，病原菌的检出率分别为50%（15例）和40%（12例）；肺结核12例(9.38%)，其中合并支气管内膜结核3例(25%)，刷检涂片和支气管肺泡灌洗液找到结核杆菌分别为11例(91.67%)和5例(41.67%)，病理确诊为结核性乾酪样肉芽肿2例(16.67%)；特发性肺间质纤维化2例(1.56%)，肺淋巴瘤1例(0.78%)。

Jq Ez6_{0An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by H5N1 virus occurred in Vietnam, Japan and Korea, commencing in December, 2003. By February, 2004, it has been distributed widely in Asia and brought heavy losses. H5N1 are ball-like RNA viruses, birds can shed them via respiratory system, ocular secretions and feces, sometimes transferred to human and cause lethal infection. H5N1 patients have prominent features of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome,bronchiolar inflammation, necrosis of bronchial epithelium and organizing,diffuse alveolar damage with interstitial fibrosis.

2003年12月，H5N1型禽流感病毒在越南、日本和韩国爆发，到2004年2月，该病毒已在亚洲广泛蔓延并带来了巨大损失。H5N1是球型RNA病毒，禽类间可通过呼吸系统、眼分泌物和粪便传播，也可传染人类甚至导致死亡。H5N1感染者的特征是反应性噬血细胞综合征、细支气管炎症、支气管上皮坏死和机化、弥漫性肺泡病变和间质纤维化。

The results showed that:(1) In COPD group the alveolar walls were broken. The average area of alveolars was 2.46 times as big as the control group, and the average diameter was 1.42 times as compared with the control group. As the diameter of bronchioles was less than 100μm and 100～200μm respectively, the average area of smooth muscle in bronchioles increased to 3.06-fold and 2.13-fold respectively. By electron microscopic, the proportion of Clara cells of respiratory bronchioles in COPD group decreased, the Clara cells were denaturalized, the proportion of Clara cells containing low density secretory granules increased. The airway resistance was 1.84 times while the dynamic compliance was only 70.45% comparing with the control group.

结果表明：(1)光镜下，COPD组大鼠与正常对照组比较，肺泡壁破坏、肺泡腔扩大，平均肺泡面积和平均肺泡直径分别为正常对照组的2.46倍和1.42倍，在直径＜100μm及直径100～200μm的小支气管，COPD组大鼠支气管平滑肌面积分别为正常对照组的3.06倍和2.13倍；电镜下可见，在呼吸性细支气管，Clara细胞占上皮细胞的比例下降，细胞变性，含低电子密度颗粒的Clara细胞比例增加；呼吸功能测定可见COPD组大鼠呼气相气道阻力是正常对照组的1.84倍、动态呼吸系统总顺应性为正常对照组的70.45％。

Methods: Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:① the control group(group C, n=8): received sternotomy only and no ischemia;② the ischemia/reperfusion group(group I/R, n=8): the left lungs of rabbits were rendered ischemia by ligating the left pulmonary hili for 60 minutes followed by 60 minutes reperfusion;③ the edaravone group(group E, n=8): the left lungs were rendered ischemia for 60 minutes followed by 60 minutes reperfusion, and 10 mg/kg edaravone was administered intravenously 5 minutes prior to ischemia. Blood MDA and SOD were measured. Protein concentrations, WBC count, and PMN percentage in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid were determined. Samples of left lung tissue were sent for determining the left lung dry-to-wet weight ratio and evaluating the pathologic changes.

采用兔肺原位热缺血再灌注损伤模型进行研究。24只大白兔随机分为三组：①对照组(C组， n=8)，开胸后不阻断肺门，静脉缓慢推注生理盐水5ml/kg；②缺血再灌注组(I/R组， n=8)，左肺接受60min的缺血，然后接受60min再灌注，于缺血前5min静脉缓慢推注生理盐水5ml/kg；③依达拉奉干预组(E组， n=8)，于缺血前5min静脉缓慢推注依达拉奉10mg/kg（5ml/kg），左肺接受60min的缺血，然后接受60min再灌注。120min实验结束时，留取各组动物血液标本，测定血浆丙二醛含量及超氧化物歧化酶活性；收集支气管肺泡灌洗液，检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比及肺通透性指数；留取肺组织标本，测定肺组织湿、干重量，计算干／湿重比及行肺组织病理检查。

Fiberoptic brochoscope is a useful instrument to diagnose lung cancer. Bronchial lavages using fiberoptic bronchoscope could not only improve the diagnosis of lung cancer, but also cost little. In addition, bronchial lavages, called"fluid biopsy", is helpful to diagnose primary of secondary carcinoma locating in respiratory tract, including peripheral lung cancer, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, pulmonary metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma.

纤维支气管镜检查是诊断肺癌的有力武器，支气管灌洗不仅能稳定地提高肺癌检出率，而且价格便宜，此外，能研究常规支气管镜未见异常的肺部病变，有助于诊断呼吸道原发性或继发性恶性肿瘤，包括周围型肺癌，细支气管肺泡癌，肺转移癌，癌性淋巴管病，肺部淋巴瘤等，被称为&液相活检&。

Crazy paving was thought to be specific for alveolar proteinosis, but is also seen in many other diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, sarcoidosis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary hemorrhage.

铺路石征被认为是肺泡蛋白沉积的特异表现。但是也可在其他疾病中表现，如间质性浆细胞肺炎、支气管肺泡癌、结节病、非特异性间质性肺炎、cop、ards、肺出血

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。