肌外膜

Results onset time of CSEA is much shorter than epidural anesthesia' s. VAS scores, degree of motor block and muscle relaxation effect of CSEA is superior to epidural anesthesia' s.

结果 CSEA起效时间显著短于硬膜外阻滞，术中VAS评分、下肢运动阻滞、肌松效果显著优于硬膜外组。

Anatomical study proved:①.4~8 nutritional vessels of sural nerve –small saphenous vein were the intermuscular perforators of peroneal artery, the furthermost one located at(1.0±1.3)cm above the tip of external malleolus with diameter (0.6±0.2)mm;②.2~6 musculocutaneous perforators were given off by the artery of outer head of gastrocnemius muscle to supply nutrition to the sural nerve-small saphenous vein;③.intermuscular perforators from peroneal artery supplied blood to fibula and outer head of soleus muscle.the perforators with an average outer diameter of （1.3-1.6）cm gave off cutaneous branch ,fascial branch and nutritional vessels to the sural nerve-small saphenous vein,which formed the vessel chain of the sural nerve-small saphenous vein ,sub-fascial and suprafascial vessel net.

结果：1、解剖实验证实：①、腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管来自腓动脉肌间隔穿支4～8支，最远的跟外侧动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm，外径(0.6±0.2)mm。②、腓肠肌外侧头动脉沿途发2-6支的肌皮穿支营养腓肠神经-小隐静脉。③、腓动脉肌间隔穿支营养腓骨、比目鱼肌外侧半。上述穿皮支平均外径在0.3～1.6mm，发出皮支、筋膜支、腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管，形成腓肠神经-小隐静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜血管网。

The constant nutritional arteries of the great saphenous vein-saphenous nerve on the medial foot: Perforator at medial side of the tendon of the tibialis anterior ,it is （2.27±0.43）cm distal to the intermalleolar line .it passes across the medial side of the tendon of the tibialis anterior and pierces the deep fascia between the upper and lower bundle of the inferior extensor retinaculum with a diameter of （0.72±0.04）mm;The length of it after piercing the deep fascia is （7.3±0.6）mm,It has an emerging rate of 95%; Perforator between tendons ,it is （3.02±0.39）cm distal to the intermalleolar line;it pierces the deep fascia between the tendons of tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus with a diameter of (0.57±0.06)mm ;The length of it after piercing the deep fascia is （7.4±0.6）mm .It has an emerging rate of 94%; A constant distal fascial perforator pierces the deep fascia between abductor hallucis muscle and medial side of first metatarsal bone （1.97±0.23）mm distal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint with a diameter of (0.50±0.03)mm.

足内侧大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管近端来自内踝前动脉较为恒定，外径较大的穿支有：踝间线远端（2.27±0.43）cm，经胫骨前肌腱内侧、伸肌下支持带上、下束间穿出，外径(0.72±0.04)mm ，穿出深筋膜的长度为（7.3±0.6）mm，出现率为95%；踝间线远端（3.02±0.39）cm，经胫骨前肌腱与趾伸肌腱穿出，外径(0.57±0.06)mm，穿出深筋膜的长度为（7.4±1.2）mm ，出现率为94%；3远端来自交通支最为恒定，外径较大的穿支于踇展肌与第一跖骨内侧缘之间穿出深筋膜，距第一跖趾并节近端（1.97±0.23）cm，直径（0.50±0.03）mm，穿出深筋膜的长度为（6.5±0.5）mm，出现率为100%。

To 2 branches with the external diameter of (0.62~0.94)mm can he found at the medial side of the proximal end of the ulna, as well a branch of periosteum at the lateral side with the diameter of (1.58±0.16)mm at the level of the supinator, and (1.17±0.10)mm at the level of the neck of radius.

尺骨近鹰嘴段，内侧有1~2条较其它肌骨膜支粗大血管，外径0.62~0.94mm；外侧恒定有一骨膜支，在出旋后肌水平血管外径(1.58±0.16)mm，平桡骨颈水平外径(1.17±0.10)mm。

Results:The blood supply of medial arm cutaneous nerves origined from three cutaneous branch of intermuscular septa, which from superior ulnar collateral artery, brachial artery and inferior ulnar collateral artery.The mean diameters at the originated site were 1.0 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.7 mm.

结果：臂内侧皮神经的血供来自尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支，起始处外径分别为1.0 mm、0.6 mm和0.7 mm，穿出深筋膜前长为1.5 cm、1.1 cm和1.2 cm。

One part of the muscle tendon membrane turned into the intermuscular septum and another part stopped at the external bone surface of the olecranon. The radial collateral ligament stopping at the corocoid process of ulnar came into being the radial-ulnaris collateral ligament, and there were two types of stopping points of the radial-ulnaris collateral ligament and the annular ligament of radius on the ulna.

结果肘关节伸肌起始于肱骨外髁的肌腱膜上，肌腱膜部分随肌肉走行成为肌间隔，部分止于尺骨鹰嘴外侧骨面；桡侧副韧带止于尺骨冠突的部分为桡侧尺副韧带，其与桡骨环状韧带在尺骨上的止点有2种类型。

Results It was found that the temporal branch is deep to the temporoparietal fascia and frontal muscle.The temporal branch has one to four branches in general.The first one is 8.1±2.1mm anterior to articular tubercle and 33.8±4.9mm superior to the bony lateral canthus.

结果 面神经颞支位于颞浅筋膜和额肌的深层，通常有1-4分支，第1支先位于关节结节前方8.1±2.1mm，然后向内上方行走进入额肌或眼轮匝肌上部，位于骨性眼外眦上方33.8±4.9mm。

It was showed that pectenolone and pectenoxanthin were all found in Gonads, hepatopancreas, mantle and gill, among of them, ovary, hepatopancreas and gill possessed more carotenoid than other tissues, but no carotenoids were found in the white muscles of Yesso scallops. Hepatopancreas contains a variety other carotenoids some kind of other not identified beside pectenolone and pectenoxanthin. The result also showed that the Yesso scallop with orange muscle had more the carotenoids in a variety of tissues than the common, and the female more than the male.4 Impacts of carotenoid accumulation on morphological structure and chemical composition in orange muscle of Yesso scallopThere was no difference between the orange and white muscle obserced by conventional HE staining, while musclular fiber type and matrix density in the orange muscle was different from white ones by the TEM observation of ultra-thin slices, and there were three musclular fiber types, among of them, the loose muscular fiber was orange muscle specifically.

利用HPLC法对橘红/白色闭壳肌虾夷扇贝各组织中含有的类胡萝卜素种类和含量，结果表明，虾夷扇贝在性腺、肝胰腺、外套膜、鳃丝中均含有类胡萝卜素pectenolone和pectenoxanthin，白色闭壳肌中未检测到类胡萝卜素，其中肝胰腺除上述两种类胡萝卜素外，还含有其他多种未鉴定的类胡萝卜素；在各组织中，雌性性腺、肝胰腺、鳃丝中类胡萝卜素的含量较高；橘红色闭壳肌虾夷扇贝各组织中的类胡萝卜素含量高于白色闭壳肌虾夷扇贝；雌性虾夷扇贝中的类胡萝卜素的含量高于雄性。4累积类胡萝卜素对虾夷扇贝闭壳肌的形态结构和化学成分的影响本文对橘红色闭壳肌进行了常规HE染色切片观察，并未观察到异常现象；超薄切片透射电镜观察发现橘红色闭壳肌在肌纤维类型及基质密度等方面有别于白色闭壳肌，在橘红色闭壳肌中有三种肌纤维，其中疏松型肌纤维为橘红色闭壳肌特有。

Methods: During intravenous anesthesia, twenty male SD rats received single transcranical magnetic and electric stimulation with Mag 2 stimulator and Cantada electromyograph. The characteristics of MEP recorded epidurally or in the bilateral forelimbs′ extensor muscles and hindlimbs′ gastrocnemius muscles under different stimulation intensities were observed.

20只雄性SD大鼠经静脉麻醉后采用 Mag 2型磁刺激仪和Cantada型肌电图仪分别进行单次经颅磁及电刺激，观察不同刺激强度下，在T12硬膜外和双侧前肢伸肌和后肢腓肠肌记录的MEP变化特征。

The results indicated that four SOD bands were identified in five tissues, and the band with the biggest mobility ratio were found weakly in gill, digestive gland and adductor muscle but not in foot and mantle. Two ATPase bands were found in four tissues except digestive gland. One MDH band was found in five tissues, but the MDH gene expressed strongly in foot and adductor muscle. Two ME bands were examined in foot, adductor muscle and mantle, but the band with smaller mobility ratio was found in gill and digestive gland.

结果表明，SOD在紫贻贝的5种组织中均有表达，共有4条酶带，但迁移率最大的酶带在足和外套膜中未出现，而在另外3种组织中呈弱表达；ATPase在除消化腺外的组织中都表现为2条带；MDH在5种组织中都表达出1条酶带，其中足和闭壳肌的MDH染色最深；ME存在1~2条酶带，其中迁移率大的条带在5种组织中都有表达，而迁移率小的条带只存在于外套膜、闭壳肌和足中。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。