联邦政府

The American constitutional system is made up of two levels of government: national and state. The system is called federalism.

美国宪政制度是由两个级别的政府组成的：联邦政府和州政府，这个制度称之为联邦制度。

The second chapter describes the formation of the pool of state controlled lands and the establishment of land market. The third chapter analyzes the government policies regarding land sale from the Independence to 1850s and the federal government"s diversified land distribution polices in the latter half of the 19th century. In the Forth chapter, the author assesses how American government" s land policies assisted the development of agriculture, communications and transportation, western urbanization and the formation of a national market. Chapter Fivediscusses the controversial issues of the land speculation and The Homestead Law, which affected the governments land policies.

全文分五章：第一章简要介绍美国土地问题的研究概况；第二章描述了美国建国以后国有土地的形成和国有土地市场的建立；第三章分析了美国建国后至十九世纪中期联邦政府以销售为主的土地政策，以及十九世纪后半期联邦政府多元化的土地分配政策；第四章从农业、交通运输业、西部城市化、国内统一市场四个方面入手，分析了土地政策对西部开发的推动作用；第五章对与土地政策密切相关的、学术界争论较大的土地投机问题和《宅地法》进行了简评。

NARA's holdings are created either by or for the Federal Government.

国家档案和文件管理局所拥有的档案既是由联邦政府所产生的，也是为联邦政府所服务的。

The Supreme Court had several opportunities to prohibit states from establishing single-gender public schools. But instead of doing so, the Court has opted to scrutinize individual single-gender public schools to determine whether a unique educational opportunity is offered to one gender but not the other. The Department of Education issued Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance; Proposed Rules in March 2004, which offered new possibilities for the development of single-gender education.

美国联邦政府最高法院有多次机会可以禁止各州开办单性公立学校，但终未实施，只是对个别实施单性教育的公立学校进行审查，看它是否给男生和女生提供了同等的教育机会。2004年3月联邦教育部颁布了"接受政府资助的非歧视性别分类教育项目或活动建议条款"，为单性教育打开方便之门。

The federal government was able to defeat the Métis in both clashes. Louis Riel, the leader of the Métis was hanged for treason in 1885 for his leading role in resisting the federal government.

在两次冲突中，联邦政府都成功以失败了梅蒂斯人。1885 年，梅蒂斯人的领袖路易斯瑞尔，因带头试图反抗联邦政府以叛国的罪名被绞死。

He also asked Congress to pass a law permitting the government to keep its own money in the Treasury, instead of putting it in private banks. This was the so-called "independent Treasury" bill.

他还要求国会通过一项法律，允许联邦政府的财政部管理联邦政府自己的钱，而不是将这些资金存放在私人银行中，这就是所谓的《独立国库》法案。

So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past,the double victims of technology:exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery;unfitted for life in the city because of the consequences of industrial mechanization.

各州先要制定符合规章的管理标准，然后联邦政府才会拨给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府的财源基本上得到平均的分配，确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。

Respectable leaders and guests attended the ceremony included Belgian Prince Philippe, Belgium Ministers of Economy, Energy, Foreign Trade and Technology, Governor of Walloon Region, Chairman of Foreign Trade Committee, Consul General for the Belgian Consulate in Shanghai, Senior Consultant of Prince, Deputy Director of Walloon Region, General Director of Walloon Export Department, Director of Belgium Foreign Affairs Department, Consultant of Belgium Economy, Energy, Foreign Trade and Technology Department, Chairman of Belgium Chamber of Commerce, Belgium entrepreneurs, Deputy Governor of Anhui Province Ms.

比利时王国菲利普王储，比利时联邦政府经济、能源、外贸和科技部长，瓦隆大区州长，对外贸易委员会主席，比利时驻沪总领事，王储高级顾问，瓦隆大区州长办公室副主任，瓦隆出口局局长，比利时外交部对外经济司司长，比利时联邦政府经济、能源、外贸和科技部长顾问，比利时企业联盟主席，比利时企业家代表，以及安徽省副省长文海英，商务部欧洲司副司长吴明新，省外办主任仲建成，省商务厅副厅长张箭，蚌埠市政府市长花建慧，市政府常务副市长李壮，秘书长陈桂林等出席投产仪式。

It met twice a year in full committee and was divided into several subcommittees. It is difficult to tell if it had any real influence on the program, but it was not simply a rubberstamp for USDA policy.

它的若干名委员一再批评联邦政府，他们认为联邦政府对农村贫困人口中最贫穷的一部分缺乏相对的关心。

A league or association formed by federating, especially a government or political body established through federal union.

联邦政府，联合会：通过联盟组成的团体或组织，尤指通过联邦工会而建立的政府或政治团体

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。