联邦制度

While deciding a case, an executive adjudicator is not subject to federal rules of evidence nor is bound by hearsay rule.

当然，行政证据制度的开放性和发展性要归功于美国联邦各级法院的司法能动主义和判例法制度。

Each is guaranteed in the federal courts by the U.S. Constitution, and every state uses them.

每一种都是由美国联邦宪法保障其在联邦法院中的职能和地位，各州也应用这个制度。

The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual hierarchies: there are both state and federal courts.

美国的法院系统的一部分，联邦政府制度，特点是双层次：有两个州法院和联邦法院。

People look on the question differently in nineteenth and twentieth century. FromField Code in 1848 to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938 different systemsabout joinder of parties are established in legislature and judicial practice, but thediscussion continues behind it, and how to join parties is still a problem which has notassured answers.

在当事人合并制度方面，19世纪和20世纪对这一问题的认识是不同的，从1848年的Field法典到1938年的联邦民事诉讼规则，立法和实务虽然确立了不同的当事人合并制度，但其背后却在延续着争议，如何合并当事人仍是一道没有确定答案的难题。

Banks have been subject to FDICIA reporting for several years. Insurance companies are subject to myriad Federal and State regulations. The brokerage industry faces scrutiny from the SEC, NASD as well as Federal and State regulatory agencies.

几年来，银行业必须遵循FDICIA报告制度；保险业必须服从众多的联邦和各州的规定；经纪业则面对着证券交易委员会、证券交易商协会以及联邦和各州的法规。

So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past,the double victims of technology:exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery;unfitted for life in the city because of the consequences of industrial mechanization.

各州先要制定符合规章的管理标准，然后联邦政府才会拨给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府的财源基本上得到平均的分配，确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。

Due to the conformity of its political and constitutional philosophy, its uncentered position in the distribution of powers and sufficient political experiences and legal knowledge of its principal figures, Marshall's Court played an unrivaled role in propelling the enforcement of the Constitution. By interpreting the Constitution, they gradually acquired the status of ultimate judge in deciding the political framework, successfully converting the political designing into constitutional interpretation.

由于其政治哲学和宪法哲学的一致性，也由于其在国家权力结构中的边缘位置，由于其早期领导人物的丰富的政治经验和敏锐的政治判断以及精良的法律知识，联邦最高法院在马歇尔担任首席大法官期间对于推进联邦政制的实际落实起到了莫大的作用，他们以宪法解释为基本途径，获得了对于国家结构的终局裁判者的制度定位，从而将政治规划转变为宪法解释操作。

Thus, for example,"Wells Fargo Bank, National Association" indicates that this bank has a federal charter.

双轨银行制度按对商业银行的管血体制划分，美国的商业银行可分为在联邦政府注册的国民银行和在州政府注册的州立银行两种，这就是美国独特的双轨银行制度。

As a result of the adoption of the 1984 Federal Compensation of Victims of Crime Act and the establishment of federal funding assistance, the system has been further promoted throughout the country.

内容提要：在美国，自1965年加利福尼亚州率先通过犯罪被害人政府补偿条例以来，其他各州相继引进了该制度。1984年联邦补偿法案的通过及自此开始的资金援助，推动了各州补偿制度的建立。

The Commonwealth's dwindling fan club, it notes provocatively, includes Anglophiles, monarchists and beneficiaries of its scholarships and professional networks; to have any hope of survival, it must expand this constituency by abandoning secretive culture and becoming more open to NGOs and the young.

报告还不留情面地指出，英联邦的拥趸者有亲英派、拥护君主制度者以及其奖学金和职业体系的受益者。英联邦若想继续存在，必须放弃其对外保持神秘的特征，对非政府组织与年轻人更为开放，以扩大其支持群体。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。