联邦制度

The American constitutional system is made up of two levels of government: national and state. The system is called federalism.

美国宪政制度是由两个级别的政府组成的：联邦政府和州政府，这个制度称之为联邦制度。

Have you considered the theroy of "Federalism " to be used in China?

有考虑过中国对联邦制度的施用？

Lesson 26 How Does American Federalism Work?

第26课美国联邦制度是怎样运转的？

Federalism, too, is a nettlesome issue, staff said.

联邦制度也是一大难题。

Secondly, the paper studies the NIH's more and more important federal status, the function and organization setting of NIH's institutes, centers, office of director and its presidial offices from the dimensionality of National Public Health System and National Innovation System, and agrees that our own NIH should be setup; studies the NIH's regular meeting system, NIH director's stretchy power and complicated advisory/consultative committee system, conclude the most important and preferential principle that do every thing in term of law.

接着，本文从国家公共卫生系统和国家科技政策决策系统的维度，从组织方式和制度角度分析阐述了NIH不断提高的联邦地位和NIH研究所、研究中心和院长办公室的机构设置与功能，并赞同NIH应该被至于国家公共卫生系统和国家创新系统的大背景下被定位其职责、使命和任务；通过分析总结NIH的例会制度、有弹性的院长权力和庞大的顾问委员会系统，总结出NIH"学术独立于政治"的理念和依法办事的制度特点。

Germany's federal structure and proportional representation make it hard for any party to win an election outright.

德国的联邦制度以及比例代表制使得任何一个政党都难以轻松胜出。

Let it be understood that no repudiator of one farthing of our public debt will be trusted in public place, and it will go far toward strengthening a credit which ought to be the best in the world, and will ultimately enable us to replace the debt with bonds bearing less interest than we now pay.

为了使我们与我们的后代保持联邦制度，国家背负了一笔巨额债务，偿还债款的本金和利息以及恢复硬币制度必须育妥善的安排，必须使债务人和国家不受物质损失，为了维护国家的荣誉，除非债约中另有规定，所有政府公债均应用黄金来偿还。应当明白，即使拒绝偿还公债中的一角钱，也会使政府不为公众所信任。

The United States has always been a rights-encased, decentralized, federalist "weak-state" system, relatively impervious to the kinds of dogmatic statism that wrecked Europe in the last century.

美国从来就是一种权利封闭、分散的"弱州"联邦制度，相对来说根本不受上个世纪为害欧洲的种种教条主义中央集权制度的影响。

Others, representing the safer, more conventional wisdom, will insist that all the constitutional compromise on slavery—the omission of abolitionist sentiments from the original draft of the Declaration, the Three-fifths Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause and the Importation Clause, the self-imposed gag rule that the Twenty-fourth Congress would place on all debate regarding the issue of slavery, the very structure of federalism and the Senate—was a necessary, if unfortunate, requirement for the formation of the Union; that in their silence, the Founders only sought to postpone what they were certain would be slavery's ultimate demise; that this single lapse cannot detract from the genius of the Constitution, which permitted the space for abolitionists to rally and the debate to proceed, and provided the framework by which, after the Civil War had been fought, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments could be passed, and the Union finally perfected.

其他人则表现出更保守、更传统的明智，坚持认为所有对奴隶制度在宪法上的妥协——在《独立宣言》，《五分之三条款》，《逃奴条款》和《进口条款》的原始草案中缺乏废奴主义者的意见和看法，第24届美国国会常常在所有关于奴隶制度问题的辩论中，自己强加给自己规定，要求限制这方面的言论自由。联邦制度和参议院的构成体系是一个必要的联邦组成机构；创建宪法者没有对此发表意见，他们认定奴隶制度终究会终结，而他们只是试图寻求推迟这个进程；这一个小小的失误并不能贬低《美国宪法》的本质，它也为废奴主义者提供了重整旗鼓的空间，使得争论得以继续下去，而且提供了立法框架，通过这个框架，在美国南北战争结束后，第十三、第十四、第十五宪法修正案得以通过，我们的联邦最终得到了完善。

That's how Abraham Lincoln described the American government in his Gettysburg Address.

相对之下，在美国联邦制度下，国家政府与州政府分摊权力。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了