联邦主义

By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the antislavery Republican candidate A. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states, one after another, seceded to protect their right to keep slaves.

到了 19 世纪 50 年代，废奴主义在北方日渐赢得人心，1860 年，反对奴隶制的共和党候选人 A林肯当选总统之后，南方各州便相继脱离联邦，以维持其畜奴的权利。

"By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states seceded to protect what they saw as their right to keep slaves"

到1850年代，废奴主义在北方逐渐成长，当1860年反对蓄奴的共和党候选人林肯当选总统后，南方各州便脱离联邦以保护他们蓄奴的权利。

"By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the anti slave ry Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states seceded to protect what they saw as their right to keep slave s"

到1850年代，废奴主义在北方逐渐成长，当1860年反对蓄奴的共和党候选人林肯当选总统后，南方各州便脱离联邦以保护他们蓄奴的权利。

"By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elect ed president in 1860, the Southern states seceded to protect what they saw as their right to keep slaves"

到1850年代，废奴主义在北方逐渐成长，当1860年反对蓄奴的共和党候选人林肯当选总统后，南方各州便脱离联邦以保护他们蓄奴的权利。

While deciding a case, an executive adjudicator is not subject to federal rules of evidence nor is bound by hearsay rule.

当然，行政证据制度的开放性和发展性要归功于美国联邦各级法院的司法能动主义和判例法制度。

In the US,high crime rate,lynching tradition in the south and having never been ruled by the Nazi are all reasons why the public opinion is in favor of death penalty,which exerts a deep influence on politicians.the US Supreme Court and district courts as well as the prosecution.In China,deteriorate social order,ceremonialist tradition,ancestral ideas and lack of the Enlightenment spirits make public opinion strongly support death penalty,which in turn has great impact on the party in power,the legislature,the judiciary and the prosecution.

美国现阶段的高犯罪率、南方的私刑传统、历史上未经纳粹统治等因素导致其支持死刑的民意高涨，这对于政治精英、联邦最高法院及地区法官和检察官都有影响；在中国，现阶段社会治安形势恶化、礼法传统与家族主义的深远影响，以及缺少西方启蒙运动洗礼等因素导致民意支持死刑，这对于执政党、立法机关和司法机关，以及法官与检察官个人，都产生了深刻的影响。

American constitutional lawsuit pokey has reflected the notion of check and balance of power and has realized a dynamic check and balance of power through the practice of judicial activism or judicial restraint in the process of constitutional lawsuit in American courts.especially the Supreme Court.

美国的宪法诉讼制度实现了权力制衡的宪政理念，并通过法院尤其是联邦最高法院在宪法诉讼过程中采取司法能动主义或司法节制的立场实现了权力的动态制衡，使宪法诉讼成为权力制衡的一种有效和有力的手段。

It tries to transcend the debate on European integration between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism by focusing on the actual operation of the Euro-polity. It views EU neither as an international organization nor as a quasi-federal state, but regards EU as a multi-level governance system in which national, supranational and subnational players are collectively involved in European governance and share the authority jointly.

它试图超越政府间主义与超国家主义在欧洲一体化问题上的争论，而把理论的关注点放在欧盟政治实体的具体运转上，认为欧盟既不是国际组织也不是准联邦国家而是国家、超国家、次国家行为体共同参与、共享权力的多层治理体制。

When the Soviet Union dissolved, he was out, Boris Yeltsin became Russia's president, he supported a corporatist state and adopted Chicago School fundamentalist "shock therapy" masquerading as "reform." Its former apparatchiks cashed in big along with a new class of "nouveaux billionaires"(called "the oligarchs") who strip-mined the country's wealth and shipped it to offshore tax havens.

当苏联解散了，他被列，叶利钦成为俄罗斯联邦的总统，他支持一个社团主义国家，并通过了芝加哥学派原教旨主义&震荡疗法&伪装为&改革&，其前apparatchiks套现大，随着新一类& nouveaux亿万富翁&，条带开采该国的财富，并运到境外避税。

When the Soviet Union dissolved, he was out, Boris Yeltsin became Russia's president, he supported a corporatist state and adopted Chicago School fundamentalist "shock therapy" masquerading as "reform." Its former apparatchiks cashed in big along with a new class of "nouveaux billionaires"(called "the oligarchs") who strip-mined the country's wealth and shipped it to offshore tax havens.

当苏联解散了，他被列，叶利钦成为俄罗斯联邦的总统，他支持一个社团主义国家，并通过了芝加哥学派原教旨主义&震荡疗法&伪装为&改革&，其前apparatchiks套现大，随著新一类& nouveaux亿万富翁&，条带开采该国的财富，并运到境外避税。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。