联合成本的产品

The article mainly analyzes how innovation affects the social welfare and makes some conclusions as follows: firstly, influences on the price and output of products of innovation by oneself are uncertain, but innovation can enhance social welfare when it reduces the product price or raises the price but diminishes the elasticity of inverse demand curve.

本文重点分析了企业创新对社会福利的影响，得出的主要结论如下：（1）独立创新对产品价格和产量的影响是不确定的，但当创新使产品价格下降或者创新使产品价格上升且使反需求曲线的弹性变小时，独立创新能够增加社会福利；（2）联合创新能够降低每个企业的成本，增加企业的研发开支、产量和利润，因而联合创新有利于社会福利；（3）在考虑了创新的溢出效应后，存在一个外溢比率的帕累托最优区间，但我们必须在创新激励与社会福利之间做出权衡。

Puyang City, Henan Province The largest professional pyrrolidone series products suppliers --- Puyang Guangming Chemical Co., Ltd., the company now has 12,000 tons / annual production capacity of -butyrolactone, 8000 tons N-methyl pyrrolidone and 2,000 tons of N-ethyl pyrrolidone joint installations, with domestic leading production scale and technology, product quality to meet international standards for similar products, product purity, moisture better than the imports of similar products, is currently the cutting edge of technology, quality, optimal , the lowest cost, the largest N-methyl pyrrolidone and N-ethyl pyrrolidone high-tech enterprises.

河南省濮阳市最大的专业吡咯烷酮系列产品供应商－－－濮阳市光明化工有限公司，公司现拥有12000吨/年产γ-丁内酯、8000吨N-甲基吡咯烷酮和2000吨N-乙基吡咯烷酮的联合装置，具有国内领先的生产规模和技术，产品质量达到国际同类产品标准，产品纯度、水分优于进口同类产品，是目前国内技术前沿、质量最优、成本最低、规模最大的N-甲基吡咯烷酮和N-乙基吡咯烷酮高新技术企业。

This administration can be carried out legally through government intervention (until recently, this category included pricing for truckers and deposit costs for financial institutions), illegally through collusion, or "extra-legally" through OPEC-style foreign cartelization (with tag-along benefits for domestic non-cartel operators).

要了解崮中差异，我们必须探究几项影响企业获利的重要因素，一般来说若企业处在产业面临供给过剩且为一般商品化的产品时(在整体表现、外观、售后服务等都无差异化)，便极有可能发生获利警讯，当然若价格或成本在某些情况下(例如透过政府立法干预、非法勾结或国际性联合垄断如 OPEC)能获得控制或可稍微免除自由市场的竞争压力。

In the days which marketable subdivision of production makes the expert use of asset more and more stronger, the portrait unite among enterprises and supply chain management are more and more impendency to save bargaining cost.

在产品市场的细分使得资产的专用性越来越强的今天，为了节省交易成本，企业之间横向联合及供应链的管理也越来越迫切。

The logistics managers must determine the symphonious policies of purchasing, product and transportation, and through the long purchasing contract to transport the high-quality products from supplier to buyer, and shorten leading time of buyer and reduce mutual stock level at a minimum total joint cost.

供应链系统中的管理者必须规划出具有协调机制的采购、生产与运输货品策略，并且透过长期采购合约，买卖双方密切合作，约定卖方少量多频率的运送高品质产品给买方，来缩短买方的前置时间与降低彼此的存货水准，进而使得整体供应链的总联合成本最小化。

It is proposed that in the face of the increasingly severe regulations for environment protection,they were able to reinforce the investment and combined investigations with the relative organizations in the conversion and cleaning technologies of coals, concentration and conversion of coal seam gas, coarse and deep processing of coal gangues so as to enhance...

提出要主动应对日益严格的环境法规，煤炭行业可通过加强煤转化、洁净煤技术、煤层瓦斯纯化和转化、煤矸石粗放与深度加工等方面的投入和联合研究，来提高燃煤产品质量，扩大煤的燃料和非燃料应用领域，降低煤开采综合成本，从而改善整个煤炭行业的经济效益。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。