耕作

Effects of tillage systems and nitrogen applied amount on wheat growth and development and yield of wheat and maize 3.1 Effects of tillage systems and nitrogen applied amount on wheat growth and development In the second year of experiment, there was no significant difference in the wheat flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf senescence characteristics, photosynthate transferring amount, photosynthate transferring ratio and dry matter accumulation of between R, H and C.

3耕作模式与施氮量对小麦、玉米生长发育及产量的影响 3.1耕作模式与施氮量对小麦生长发育的影响在试验第二年，旋耕和耙耕模式在旗叶光合速率、旗叶衰老特性和光合产物转移量和转移率，以及干物质积累量上与常规耕作模式无显著差异。

To solve the problem of transversal turnover of the paddy field boat during the cultivation operation, combining the method of theoretical calculation with paddy field test, the kinetic and dynamic characteristics were analyzed and the mathematical model was established according to movement stability in this paper.

为了解决机滚船犁耕作业转弯时的横向倾翻问题，采用理论计算与水田试验相结合的方法，通过对机滚船犁耕作业时的运动学和动力学分析，从稳定性角度出发，建立数学模型。经过分析和计算，求出了机滚船犁耕作业时最小转弯半径的关系表达式，将其运用到1BG-0.9型带铧式犁机滚船上，计算出了该机滚船的最小转弯半径。

The experimental values of resistance force and power for the biomimetic furrow opener surface with UHMWPE tubular section ridges at 100 mm depth and 0.28 m/sec speed were 0.60 kN and 0.16 kW, while at 100 mm depth and 0.92 m/sec speed, the values were 0.80 kN and 0.72 kW. At 135 mm depth and 0.28 m/sec speed, the biomimetic furrow opener surface with UHMWPE tubular section ridges recorded 0.76 kN and 0.21 kW, while at 135 mm depth and 0.92 m/sec speed, the values were 0.95 kN and 0.85 kW. The predicted and experimental values of resistance force and power for the conventional surface furrow opener were higher than predicted and experimental values for the biomimetic furrow opener surface with UHMWPE tubular section ridges.

对于超高分子量聚乙烯材料仿生脊型非光滑结构表面，当耕深100 mm和耕作速度0.28 m/sec时，实测的仿生开沟器的土壤阻力和动力消耗分别为0.6kN和0.16kW；当耕深100 mm和耕作速度0.92 m/sec时，实测的仿生开沟器的土壤阻力和动力消耗分别为0.8kN和0.72kW；当耕深135 mm和耕作速度0.28 m/sec时，实测的仿生开沟器的土壤阻力和动力消耗分别为0.76kN和0.21kW；而当耕深135 mm和耕作速度0.92 m/sec时，实测的仿生开沟器的土壤阻力和动力消耗分别为0.95kN和0.85kW。

Being a protective tillage, the no-tillage means getting rid of not only the tillage before sowing, but also the intertill after sowing, and leaving the plant residue after harvesting.

中文题名稻田自然免耕体系土壤微生物及有机质周转研究副题名外文题名 Study on the microbial characteristics and the turnover of organic matter in paddy soil under a long-term no-tillage and ridge culture 论文作者张磊导师谢德体教授魏朝富研究员学科专业土壤学研究领域\研究方向土壤生物和生态学位级别博士学位授予单位西南农业大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数92页关键词稻田土壤生态学土壤有机质土壤微生物免耕馆藏号BSLW /2003 /S154 /1 免耕制是一种保护性耕作制，指同一块土壤在一定年限内，不仅免除播前耕作，也免除播后中耕，作物收获后直接将作物残茬留在土壤中的耕作方式。

Cultivation soil preparation total principle is break up in order to plough (tractor-ploughing) or avoid less agrarian for the foundation, rake, Mo , pressure, ridging ridging plough, ditch, make the work look tie such as farmland, master appropriate correctly opportunity of exercise of agrarian, appropriate make smooth with a raking, reduce cultivation charge and the sources of energy to use up accomplish reasonable cultivation, assure exercise quality.

耕作整地总的原则是以耕翻或少免耕为基础，耙、耱、压、起垄、开沟、做畦等作业相结合，正确把握宜耕、宜耙作业时机，减少耕作费用和能源消耗做到合理耕作，保证作业质量。

In order to evaluate the effect of different tillage types on soil moisture,the paper analyses the temporal and spatial variations of soil moisture under plough tillage and no-tillage.

为了揭示农牧交错地区不同农田耕作方式对其水分环境的影响过程及规律，选择翻耕地和免耕地两种土地耕作类型，分析不同耕作方式下土壤水分的时空变化情况。

The results showed that different tillage patterns could improve soil water storage,the soil laer of no-tillage was covered by straws between 0 to 20 cm held water(4.542±0.894)×10~5 L/hm~2;Under no-tillage with full-straw mulching average soil temperature at 0～20 cm decreased...

结果表明：不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高土壤水分含量，其中留茬旋耕处理的土壤贮水量最高，达(4.542±0.894)×105L/hm2；在玉米播种前期及苗期，免耕覆盖处理降低土壤温度1~2℃，而整个生育期留茬旋耕处理与传统耕作处理的土壤温度相近；苗期，留茬旋耕处理的玉米株高、根长、鲜重和干重均优于其它处理，促进了玉米的生长发育；不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高玉米的产量，与传统耕作相比可增产

The results showed that different tillage patterns could improve soil water storage, the soil laer of no-tillage was covered by straws between 0 to 20cm held water (4.542±0.894)×10^5L/hm^2 Under no-tillage with full-straw mulching average soil temperature at 0~20cm decreased 1~2℃ during early corn growing period; In early season of corn growth, minimum-tillage with 1/3-straw mulching would promot the growth; Compared with the conventional tillage, economic yields could increase

结果表明：不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高土壤水分含量，其中留茬旋耕处理的土壤贮水量最高，达(4.542±0.894)×10^5L/hm^2；在玉米播种前期及苗期，免耕覆盖处理降低土壤温度1~2℃，而整个生育期留茬旋耕处理与传统耕作处理的土壤温度相近；苗期，留茬旋耕处理的玉米株高、根长、鲜重和干重均优于其它处理，促进了玉米的生长发育；不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高玉米的产量，与传统耕作相比可增产

A univariate ANOVA is executed to analyze the influencing factors of the production cost by dividing it into direct material, direct labor cost, indirect cost and total cost separately. It is found that the variables of farm scale and crop type show significant impacts in the direct labor cost and total production cost. The one-crop farming variable makes significant difference in the total production cost; whereas different planting ways differentiates the indirect cost. In addition, years of farming, farmer's age, and full-time status all make no significant difference in all aspects of production cost.

此外，将农场生产成本分为直接材料、直接人工、间接成本、总生产成本四面向进行多因子变异数分析，结果发现耕作面积、作物类型变项仅在有机农场的直接人工和总生产成本中有显著差异；有机农场是否为单一经营在总生产成本上有显著差异；不同栽培方式的有机农场仅在间接成本的高低上有显著差异；此外，而耕作年数变项因本研究有机农场耕作年数较高之样本特性影响，导致该变项对生产成本并无显著的差异；年龄、专兼业经营等变项在生产成本上高低并无显著差异。

It is advanced farming technology which through the implementation of reduced tillage, no-tillage technology, using crop stalks stubble ground cover to reduce soil water erosion, wind erosion, so as to enhance the capacity of soil fertility and drought-resistance .Function and role of conservation tillage technology have been proved by practice.

保护性耕作技术是相对于传统耕作的一种新型耕作技术，起源于19世纪末的美国，通过对农田实行少耕、免耕技术，尽可能用农作物秸秆、残茬覆盖地表，以减少土壤水蚀、风蚀，从而提高土壤肥力和抗旱能力的先进耕作技术。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。