耐药的

The system is useful in bioluminescence imaging technology in vivo, expression of MDR1 gene and screening anticancer drugs.

该系统不但可以用于研究活体生物发光成像和MDR1基因表达的机理，而且可用于单靶点的多药耐药抑制剂的筛选。

Multidrug efflux pump is the main reason for bacterial multidrug resistance, and it's a challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases.

多药外排泵造成了细菌的多种药物的耐药现象，这对感染性疾病的防治提出了挑战。

The antibacterial activity is decreasing to PA, drug susceptibility test is important for clinical tre...

PA 的耐药率不断上升，药物的选择上要结合本科室的药敏情况，合理使用抗生素。

The result of the study shows that the morbidity of the hospital infection in 305 elderly died cases dis- eases was 33.8%, The lungs were the first major site of the infection (66.9%) and followed by urinary tract infection (19.4%), The factors of high risk in- ducing hospital infection included advanced age invasive procedures, multi-antibiotics used in com- bination and hormonotherapy.

本文结果表明，305例老年死亡病例医院感染的发病率为33.8％。感染最多部位为肺部(66.9％)，其次为尿路感染(19.4％)。高龄患者，侵袭性操作、多种抗生素联合应用，激素疗法等是诱发医院感染的危险因素。58.8％的病原菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌，37.2％为真菌。31株病原菌药敏结果显示耐药率为33.3％。

Multidrug resistance is the vital factor of ineffective treatment in malignant melanoma. Thus, one of the main goals for melanoma treatment is to reverse chemoresistance of tumor cells.

而多药耐药是其临床化疗失败的主要原因，因此，逆转肿瘤的耐药性是治疗恶性黑素瘤的重要课题。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

Among pathogens , the most common pathogens associated with VAP were Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 3013 %), Acinetobacter baumanii (1115 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae ( 1017 %), Escherichia coli ( 716 %) and S taphylococcus aureus ( 618 %). Their multiple drug2resistance to antibiotics was serious. Drug sensitivity tests indicated that the GNB had lower drug2 resistance to such antibiotics as imipenem , amikacin , piperacillin/ tazobactam , ceftazidime , cefepime , cefoperazone/sulbactam , ciprofloxacin and ticarcillin/ clavulanate. Polymicrobial pathogens were more isolated in late2onset VAP than in early2onset VAP.

结果 共检出致病菌383 株，革兰阴性细菌占8411 %，其中非发菌占5114 %，肠杆菌科占3216 %，革兰阳性球菌占1218 %，其中MRSA和MRSE 占615 %，真菌占311 %；前5 位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(3013 %)、鲍氏不动杆菌(1115 %)、肺炎克雷伯菌(1017 %)、大肠埃希菌(716 %)、金黄色葡萄球菌(618 %)等；药敏结果显示这几类菌株的多重耐药现象严重，较为敏感的抗菌药物有亚胺培南/西司他丁、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星及替卡西林/克拉维酸等，革兰阳性细菌均对万古霉素敏感；迟发性VAP 的混合培养比例显著高于早发性VAP。

A human MDRl full length cDNA probe was used to screen a pufferfish cosmid library and nine clones, which would contain the whole MDR gene family in the pufferfish genome, were finally identified. One of the cosmid clones was sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that there would be at least three MDR homologues in the corresponding region.

其表达产物为一跨膜蛋白p-glycoprotein，通过ATP提供能量，将进入细胞内的多种物质泵出细胞外，从而使细胞对这些物质产生耐药性，多药耐药基因的功能决定了它在肿瘤化疗中的位置而使其成为基因结构、功能和表达、调控研究中的热点。

Methods: Several results obtained by MB/BacT system were analyzed, including the recovery rate of acid-fast bacilli, the contamination rate and the mean time for positive reporting from clinical specimens.

通过对仪器检出报阳时间、阳性率、污染率及药敏结果的分析，了解仪器的效能及结核分枝杆菌的耐药情况。

One of the mechanisms underlying this process is the over expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters.

多药耐药是肿瘤化疗中的一个重要问题，也是临床治疗失败的重要因素，其机制之一是ABC转运体的过度表达。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。