考察

Through the comparison of different conditions in multi-angle repeated test, we observe the disaccording path of risk preferences. The main content of this thesis are as follows. Firstly, we design 2 sessions of experiments to find the impact of the softening budget constraint and the form of endowment on the risk preference. Besides, this thesis also includes several experimental comparative studies, focusing on the dynamical inconsistency of risk preference as well as its drifting path.

主要包括：首先设置预算软约束与风险偏好基础实验，考察影响投资者决策的主要因素，观测预算约束的软化和初始禀赋形式，对投资者预期及风险偏好的影响；其次，设置多期平面投资下的风险偏好实验，考察风险偏好是否存在着动态不一致现象，以及不同被试者的风险偏好漂移路径；最后，设置动态追加投资下的风险偏好实验，观测沉没成本、及与预算软约束的双重作用对风险偏好动态变化的影响。

The present consumption theory disassociates the mainbody of consumption out of ecological system and practically the humankind is only one of the animals in ecosystem, the consumption of men is a link of material recycle and energy flow in ecosystem.

现行的消费理论将消费主体游离于生态系统以外，而实际上人类仅是生态系统的一个物种；人类的消费活动是生态系统物质循环和能量流动的一个环节，而现行的消费理论只考察物质资料再生产过程，却没有考察人口再生产和自然再生产过程；将环境资源视为无价值，并将其排斥于消费活动以外。

The Master said:"When everyone likes and praises someone,we must look into it;when everyone dislikes and discredits someone,we must also look into it."

ex：先生说：&众人都说某人好时，必须对此加以考察；众人都说某人坏时，必须对此加以考察。&

ChapterⅠintroduces the intention, significance and methods of the research from the angle of Chinese historical phonetics. Following the course of re-examining materials, ChapterⅡsurveys the pattern of rhyme, excerpting the metrical feet, ChapterⅢconnects the rhyme categories, the rhyme of different systems contacting with each other, and literary reading and colloquial reading. ChapterⅣcompares the rhyme cateories of traditional Hua-gu opera in Changsha with traditional rhyme tablesd, as well as those of traditional Hua-gu opera in Shaoyang. The total study is conducted to become united with dialect. ChapterⅤcontains the surplus discussion with three theories: the rhyming quality, the connection between rhyme categories and oral speech, between those of literary readings in traditional Hua-gu opera.

本文正文分为五章：第一章从音韵学角度，讨论了花鼓戏用韵研究的背景、意义以及研究方法；接着谨遵韵脚字系联法的步骤，第二章侧重材料分析，包括甄别材料、审度韵例、摘录韵字，第三章侧重韵部系统，包括归纳韵部、异部相押以及文白异读的情况；第四章对传统剧目的韵部系统进行了纵横(与邵阳传统花鼓戏韵部系统的比较)两条线的考察，结合方言是纵横考察过程中的重要环节；第五章是余论部分，主要讨论了三个理论性问题：长沙传统花鼓戏押韵的性质、韵部与实际语音的关系以及与长沙读书音的关系。

Because each behavior impinges upon the 99 others, it is impossible to examine one parameter without examining the whole interacting swarm at once.

因为每一个行为都和其它99个行为互相影响，所以如果不同时对这个相互作用的群体整体进行考察的话，你根本无法考察其中的任何一个参数。

Because each behavior impinges upon the 99 others, it is impossible to examine one parameter without examining the whole interacting swarm at once.

因为每一个行为都和其它99个行为互相影响，所以如果不同时对这个相互作用的群体整体进行考察的话，你也根本无法去考察其中的任何一个参数。

Copper nanoparticles were modified by surface modifier, methyl - methylacrylate, and minified by use of fluid-flow comminuted method, the disper sity and dispersion stability of the modified copper nanoparticles as additive i n CD 15W/40 engine oil were evaluated by high velocity centrifuger; its morpholo gy and particle size were tested by TEM and XRD analysis; and its tribological p roperty in CD 15W/40 engine oil was investigated by ball on pan tribo-tester.

采用化学改性法与液流粉碎机械法对纳米铜微粒进行了表面改性和分散研究，采用高速离心机考察了表面改性后纳米铜微粒作为添加剂在CD15W/40柴油机油中的分散性及分散稳定性，采用TEM、XRD测试了表面改性纳米铜微粒的形貌及粒径大小，采用球盘磨损试验机考察了表面改性纳米铜微粒作为CD15W/40全配方调配油添加剂的摩擦学性能，用SEM、EDS观察了磨损表面的形貌、线扫描、面分布及元素含量，分析了纳米铜微粒在摩擦过程中的减摩润滑机理。结果表明：甲基丙烯酸甲酯化学改性结合液流粉碎方法处理后纳米铜微粒的粒径进一步均匀、细化，平均粒径为24nm，并在CD15W/40油中分散性好，悬浮稳定时间长。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

The chapter2 concentrates on the Temporalities of papacy gained as secular king,while the chapter 3 on the Spiritualities of Papacy obtained as the leader of Christendom.

第2章考察教皇作为世俗君主而获得的属世收入。第3章考察教皇作为宗教领袖获得的属灵收入。

The reaction between rust of oil tank inner wall and dry H2S gas was simulated. The influence of sulfidation temperature and time, air speed and water was investigated. The oxidation tendency of sulfurized products was investigated by changing oxidation temperature.

模拟储油罐内壁铁锈和干燥H2S气体的反应，考察了水浴温度、硫化时间、空气流速及水分对铁氧化物硫化后产物的自燃性的影响，通过硫化产物在氧化过程中温度的变化，考察硫化产物的自然氧化倾向。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。