翘曲

A curve coordinate system which is suitable for variable height curved box-girder were established. The flexure, torsion and distortional warping displacement functions were established, and the strain-deformation equations were obtained, a spatial finite element analysis method of trapeziform cross section variable-curvature box-girder with vertical symmetrical axis was also presented.

建立适合于变高度曲线箱梁的曲线坐标系，推导了变曲率、变高度箱梁弯曲、翘曲扭转和畸变的位移方程和应变-位移关系式，提出了具有一个竖直对称轴的变高度变曲率曲线箱梁的薄壁曲梁空间分析有限元方法。

In the beginning, we describe the definition of coplanarity and warpage in electronic industry, and improve the original method to search coplananrity in a shorter period of time. Then, we introduce the original theory of Shadow Moire, and establish optical measuring system by using Shadow Moire method, phase shifting method, phase unwrapping method…etc.

首先叙述电子元件所定义的共面性与翘曲量原理，并改变原搜寻方式，以较少的时间搜寻共面性；接著介绍阴影叠纹法原始立论基础，并加入相位移法、相位展开法。。。

I shouldn t have any problems with warping when my motors are cranked up to full speed.

我不应该有任何问题与翘曲时，我的汽车是手摇直至全速进行。

The origin、 development and present state of the container ship2. The deformation characters and collapse mode of the container ship3. The basic theory of thin-walled structural mechanics: The bending of the thin-walled beam; The unconstrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar; The constrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar with opening; The constrained of the thin-walled member bar with closed port.4. The calculation of the warp stress in the container ship based on the thin-walled structural mechanics theoryModeling of the hull ladder calculation based on referred mechanics theories of thin-walled member bar, calculation of crankle character of the each section, such as sectional coordinates、 Free twist shear flow、 secondary shear flow、 bend shear flow and so on.

本文主要包括下述六个方面的内容： 1 集装箱船的起源、发展和现状 2 集装箱船变形特征和破坏形式 3 薄壁结构力学的基本理论◇薄壁梁的弯曲；◇薄壁杆件的自由扭转；◇开口薄壁杆件的约束扭转；◇闭口薄壁杆件的约束扭转 4 利用薄壁结构力学理论计算集装箱船的翘曲应力建立船体阶梯计算模型，利用薄壁杆件力学中相关理论，求解各断面单元的弯扭特性，包括：扇性坐标、自由扭转剪流、二次剪流、弯曲剪流等。

The wall has no support during the construction stage and the calculationbased on the national standard GB 50018-2002 (Technical code of cold-formedthin-wall steel, structures) should be reliable and safe. The crankle destabilizationof the studs with cold-formed channel section should be taken into account whencalculating the load-carrying capacity. The warpings at both ends of the sectionshould be calculated without any constraint when converting the crankledestabilization into the slenderness rationλ_w.

墙体在施工阶段基本为无墙体支撑，此时，按现行国标《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规程》(GB 50018-2002)规定计算是可靠、偏安全的，在计算其承载能力时应考虑单轴对称冷弯卷边槽钢截面立柱弯扭失稳，在计算立柱弯扭失稳换算长细比λ_w时，截面两端翘曲宜按不受到约束条件计算。

Based on the theory of large deformation and using the differential geometry.

基于有限变形原理，采用微分几何的方法推导了不考虑剪切、转动惯量和翘曲影响的曲梁的三维变形的应力应变关系。

I came out of the Passeig de Gràcia station on to a dusty, traffic-roaring city street and there, among the dense facades, was a house that bulged and warped, reaching up to a turquoise, green and violet elfish cap, like a fairyland roof in a children's book.

从车站出来，格拉西亚街灰尘漫天，车辆咆哮，就在密集的建筑间，突然伸出一个翘曲的建筑，象是一顶小精灵的帽子，下面是绿松色，中间是绿色，再往上是紫罗兰色，象是童话中小精灵的那顶帽子。

The result indicates that the ratio of roll diameter has the most important effect on the end curl,the angle of entrance is in the second place,the roll rotational velocity has the weakest effect.

正交实验是L25(45)，研究表明：辊径比对头部翘曲影响最大，导入角的影响次之，轧辊转速的影响最小，各种因素的影响趋势变化呈现了不同的规律。

The cross experiment was designed with L25 (4^5) The result indicates that the ratio of roll diameter has the most important effect on the end curl, the angle of entrance is in the second place, the roll rotational velocity has the weakest effect.

正交实验是L25 (4^5)，研究表明：辊径比对头部翘曲影响最大，导入角的影响次之，轧辊转速的影响最小，各种因素的影响趋势变化呈现了不同的规律。

The factors affecting end curl of plate and sheet in rolling process were researched by the cross experiment, which include the upper roll diameter, the lower roll diameter, reduction, angle of entrance and velocity of roll rotation.

用正交实验方法对影响板带材轧制头部翘曲的因素进行了铅板轧制实验研究。影响因素有上下轧辊直径比、压下率、导入角和轧辊转速。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。