群

Next we obtain some group theoretic conditions for the existence of p-blocks with defect 0 in some special groups, for instance, in an extension group of a nilpotent group by a abelian group, in a p-nilpotent group, in a group with all subgroups of order p are conjugate, and so on.

其次我们给出了一些特殊群的亏零块存在的群论条件，如幂零群被交换群扩张的群，p—幂零群，p—阶子群均共轭的群等。

The first part of the book is concerned with rings and modules, matrices over a ring, affine geometry and projective geometry over a Bezout domain.

内容包括：基本概念，群表示的特徵标，点群的表示，群代数与对称群的表示，有限群的实表示与复表示，有限群表示在群论中某些应用和有限群的模表示等。

Group, Subgoup, Permutation Group, Cyclic Group, Commutative Group, Normal Subgroup, Factor Group, Isomorphism, Ring, Ideal, Field, Polynomial Ring, Factor Ring.

课程内容：群，子群，置换群，循环群，交换群，正规子群，商群，群之同构，环，理想，体，多项式环，商环等。

In chapter 1 ,on one hand ,we give some sufficient conditions for a finite group to be supersolvable and nilipotent by using the properties of π-supplemented subgroups;For example: Theorem 3 Let G be a group, 2 ∈π, if every subgroup of G of prime order is contained in SE, every cyclic subgroup of G of order 4 is π-supplemented in G, then G will be supersolvable.

在第一章中，一方面我们利用π-可补子群的性质给出了有限群为超可解群及幂零群的若干充分条件；例如：定理3设G是群，2∈π，如果G的每个素数阶子群包含在SE中，G的每个4阶循环子群在G中π-可补，则G为超可解群。

The firms located in industrial cluster are important ties that linked the local industrial cluster and the global production network. They are as well as the micro-dynamics for the clusters' upgrading and evolution in the context of economic globalization. The existing researches on industrial cluster almost focus on the cluster's competitive advantages as a whole unit, which has supposed the firms in clusters are homogeneous and opportunity equipotent that can get extra advantages compared to the un-clustered firms.

集群企业正成为联系地方产业集群与全球生产网络的重要纽带，是经济全球化背景下产业集群升级和演进的微观动力；从已有的集群理论研究成果来看，目前的研究主要集中于集群整体层面，研究的焦点是对集群整体的竞争优势进行探讨，集群企业被假定为是具有同质性和机会均等性的，相对于非集群企业可以获得一种"非对称"的特殊竞争优势。

Finally, PNV had been mapped according to Boolean discrete methods to connect climate submodel and vegetation submodel by GIS. PNV map first represented the spatial distribution of all vegetation types of 4 physiognomic levels in Taiwan, also integrated the diverse comments of altitudinal vegetation zones and geographical climatic regions in the past. Besides, the scattered ranges of 36 dominant trees in the moisture-thermal regime and climatic zone had been drawn via coordinating 585 plot-data with MWI and WDI.

为达绘制潜在植群图之最终目标，本研究以MWI及WDI之网格图层代表气候亚模型，以潜在植群形相分类方案之各阶类型代表植群亚模型，藉由布林分离法联系此2亚模型之关系，建构气候–植群分类模型，并以地理资讯系统绘制出包含群系纲、群系亚纲、群系组、群系之潜在植群图，首次完整呈现台湾各阶植群类型之空间分布，合理说明了山地植群带分化、北部植群下降及西南部冬季乾旱等现象，亦整合过去各种有关垂直性山地植群带状分化与水平性地理气候区划分的复杂意见；另外，本研究将585个样区林木座标标定於MWI及WDI，绘制36种林木於水热境制及热量气候带之分布范围。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

The neighbouring Streamside Colony wipes out the Trailheaders, then itself falls victim to a "supercolony", comprising millions of workers and thousands of queens, which rose to power thanks to a single-gene mutation that weakens their sensitivity to queen-odours, and thus permits them to tolerate multiple simultaneous queens.

邻近的"河边蚁群"彻底摧毁了"道口蚁群"，后来，"河边蚁群"自身又成了"超级蚁群"的刀下鬼。"超级蚁群"由数百万工蚁和数千只母蚁王组成，该群得以成长为超级群，缘于一次单基因突变，该突变削弱了蚁群对母蚁王气味的敏感度，从而，使得蚁群可以接受数个母蚁王同时存在。

Firstly we introduce the concept of Rees matrix semigroups without zero i.e.

矩形群、左群都是极其重要的半群，在Mario[2]中这两种半群都已有了很好的刻画，本文后两章将给出推广了的矩形群和左群的详细刻画，全文共分三章，具体内容如下：第一章主要对推广之后Rees矩阵半群的刻画进行了描述，在这一章里先介绍了无零Rees矩阵半群的概念，它是一类矩阵半群M=MT；I，？

According to the phytosociological theories and methods of Braun-Blanquet's school, the regional savanna vegetation of the dry-hot valleys of Yuanjiang river had been investigated. Based on the principle of fidelity degree, the typical 110 releves taken from every sampling stands of the dry-hot valleys were sorted up from below to upper into 15 Associations, then into 5 Alliances, 2 Orders and 1 Class. A synoptic classification system of Class-Order-Alliance-Association was established for the purpose to reflect deeply the characteristics of all syntaxa there in the aspect of plant component and their abundance-dominancy, presence, cover coefficient, life form, growth form, and ecological environment, community structure, species types and so on.

采用Braun-Blanquet植物群落学研究的理论与方法，对云南元江中上游干热河谷分布的植被进行考察研究，把各处取得较典型的110个样地记录按确限度的原则由下而上归类成15个群丛、5个群属、2个群目和1个群纲，建立了元江干热河谷萨王纳植被群纲—群目—群属—群丛分类系统综合表和15个群丛表，以全面深入反映全干热河谷植物群落各级分类单位中各植物种类组成的多优度、存在度、盖度系数、生活型和生长型等特征及其群落结构、生态环境和种型类别。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。