美索不达米亚的

From ancient Mesopotamia to today's vineyards, the eternal enemies include fungus and bugs, extreme heat and unseasonable cold.

从古代的美索不达米亚到现在的葡萄种植园，他们对抗的永久敌人包括：真菌，小虫，酷热和不合时宜寒冷。

Uruk played a very important part in the political history of the country from an early time, exercising hegemony in Sumer before the time of Sargon of Akkad.

在早期的历史上，乌鲁克在国家政治上扮演着重要的角色，早于阿卡得的萨尔贡时期，就在美索不达米亚担当霸权的角色。

In his book Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near East: the Role of the Temple in Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel, Hector Avalos states that not only were the temples of Gula sites for the diagnosis of illness (Gula was consulted as to which god was responsible for a given illness), but that these temples were also libraries that held many useful medical texts.

Hector Avalos在他的书《古代近东的疾病与治疗：希腊、美索不达米亚和以色列的庙宇角色》中陈述，庙宇里的古拉不仅仅是坐着诊断疾病（古拉是用作询问哪一位神为哪种疾病而负责），而且这些庙宇还是图书馆，藏有许多有用的医学文献。

In his earlier years a recluse in his monastery, when a bishop he spent his life traveling in a beggar's garb, ordaining bishops and priests everywhere in Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, in order to repair the spiritual ruin caused among the Monophysites by Justinian's renewal of the original laws against their bishops and priests.

在他前几年的一个关键原因在他的寺院，当主教，他度过旅行生活在一个乞丐的外衣，祝圣主教和司铎无处不在的美索不达米亚，叙利亚，小亚细亚，为了修复造成精神崩溃之间在Monophysites由查士丁尼的延长原有法律对他们的主教和神父。

Its first appearance seems to have been in Mesopotamia about 3000 to 4000 B.C. A great deal of design effort was spent from early times on the problem of timekeeping as more sophisticated clockworks were devised.

它的首次亮相，似乎已在美索不达米亚约3000年至4000年甘州大量的设计精力用于从早期时代的问题是报时作为更精密clockworks 分别制定。

Hammurabi's is the most complete and earliest Mesopotamian law code. It was inscribed on a stone stele topped by a bas-relief picturing Hammurabi receiving the inspiration of the law code from the sun god Shamash, who was also the god of justice.

汉摩拉比法典是美索不达米亚地区最古老最完整的法典，它以被刻在一块岩柱顶端的浅浮雕的姿态体现了汉摩拉比从太阳神、同时也是身为公正之神的夏玛什之处所受到的关于律法的启示。

So-called New Syrian dialects, descendants of the East Aramaic, are spoken in Tur'Abdin in Mesopotamia, to the east and north of Mosul, and in the neighbouring mountains of Kurdistan, as well as on the west shore of Lake Urmia.

这个所谓的新叙利亚方言，其后裔东阿拉姆语，是说在tur'abdin在美索不达米亚平原，东部和北部的摩苏尔，并在邻近山区的库尔德地区，以及对西岸的湖

So-called New Syrian dialects, descendants of the East Aramaic, are spoken in Tur'Abdin in Mesopotamia, to the east and north of Mosul, and in the neighbouring mountains of Kurdistan, as well as on the west shore of Lake Urmia.

所谓的新的叙利亚方言，后裔东方阿拉姆语，讲Tur'Abdin在美索不达米亚，向东部和北部的摩苏尔，并在邻近的山区的库尔德，以及西方Urmia湖岸边。

Site of a number of flourishing ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Iraq fell to the Arabs (7th century) and later to the Ottoman Turks (16th century). It was established as an independent kingdom in 1921 and became a republic after the assassination (1958) of Faisal II.

它是许多繁荣的古代美索不达米亚文明的所在地，先是落入阿拉伯人之手7世纪），而后又被奥斯曼土耳其人所占领(16世纪）。1921年它成为一个独立的王国，在费萨尔二世被暗杀后1958年）成为一个共和国。

One would reasonably presume the ancient markets-imagine the agora in Athens or a bazaar in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia-necessitated systemic organization and coordination, bringing people together in ways to facilitate exchanges and, on balance, improving society (see also Lane, 1991; and McMillan, 2002, p. 4, who hints the oldest discovered artifact of written language may be a marketing transaction, scratched in baked clay, circa 3000 BC).

人们有理由推测古市场，想象立即在雅典或集市在新月沃地的美索不达米亚，需要系统性的组织和协调，使人们团结在一起的方式，以促进交流，并在平衡，改善社会（又见巷， 1991年；和麦克米兰， 2002年，第4页，谁最古老的发现暗示影的书面语言可能是一个市场交易，抓伤的烤粘土，大约公元前3000年）。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。