美国黑人的

This thesis is to study the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from the aspect of its history.

本论文从美国黑人文化的历史入手，分析黑人文化的优秀成分、黑人的抗争、白人的帮助等几个方面对黑人文化保存下来的原因进行了研究探讨。

Marcus Garvey was the most prominent black leader in the 1920's American, who led the biggest Negro movement in Afro—American history.

马库斯·加维是20世纪20年代美国黑人运动的杰出领袖，他领导了美国历史上第一次大规模的黑人群众运动——加维运动，对当时及其以后的黑人运动都产生了巨大的影响。

Part five analyze the "separatism from America" road and draw the conclusion: on one hand, Marcus Garvey's separatism road was the product of the Afro—American's hard lives; on the other hand, it wouldn't come into reality under the circumstance of his days.

第五部分：以加维的"脱离美国"道路为中心，从其客观环境和可行性两个角度进行分析，得出结论：加维的"脱离美国"的道路虽然是当时美国黑人艰难处境的产物，但在当时的条件下是无法实施的，不能从根本上解决美国黑人问题。

And this, in turn, constituted an important part of the material basis on which the struggle was waged to end legal segregation and open terror by the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacists—a struggle which, through tremendous sacrifice and heroism, brought about very significant changes in U.S. society, and in the position of Black people in particular, even while it did not, and could not, put an end to the oppression of Black people, which has been, and today remains, an integral and essential element of the capitalist-imperialist system in the U.S.

而这又反过来构成了一场抗争的重要物质基础，这场抗争最终结束了美国的种族隔离制度和3K党及其他白人至上主义者的公开恐怖行为，通过巨大的牺牲和英雄主义，这张抗争给美国社会，特别是黑人地位带来了极大的变化，尽管它没有，也不能完全消除对黑人的压迫，而这种压迫过去一直是，今天依然是美国资本主义-帝国主义体系中一个不可或缺的基本组成部分。

1St Week: A general introduction to the nature and contents of the course; an investigation of students' acquired knowledge of literature in general; a brief introduction to African-American literature 2nd and 3rd Weeks: Rediscovering an Invisible Culture (Why Black culture had been unknown and unobserved for several decades; how it came to be rediscovered ) 4th to 6th Weeks: Double Consciousness (the marginal perspective in Language, Oral Culture, Folklore and Religion); Reading representative works by three Black writers of racial consciousness: Douglass, Washington and Bu Bois 7th to 9th Weeks: Minstrelsy (Imitation, Parody and Travesty in Black-White interaction rituals 1830--1920); Reading the novel about the Black life: Uncle Tom's Cabin 10th to 12th Weeks: Social Mobility and Cultural Stigma: The case of Chicago Jazz 1920--1930; Reading poems by Hughes and novels by Wright 13th to 15th Weeks: Oral Tradition and the Quest for Literacy: The crisis of Black writers from Philips Wheatley to Ralph Ellison; Reading the masterpiece of Ellison 16th to 18th Weeks: Contemporary Afro-American Culture: the sixties and seventies (efforts on reconstructing the Black identiy and Black history); Reading novels by Morrison

第1周：介绍课程性质、内容，了解学生相关文学背景，简要概括黑人文学历史第2-3周：再现黑人文化（黑人文化长期被掩盖的事实和原因，重新被发现的原因和过程）第4-6周：双重意识（语言、吟唱文学、民俗民谣、宗教的边缘化），阅读黑人种族意识三代伟大启蒙家道格拉斯、华盛顿、杜波伊斯的代表作第7-9周：吟游文学（黑人与白人的文化互动过程中的模仿、戏仿、曲仿），阅读第一部反映黑人生活的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》第10-12周：社会动荡与文化耻辱（芝加哥爵士乐的兴起、流行和影响），阅读休斯和赖特的代表作第13-15周：口头文学传统与争取教育权利的斗争（从惠特利到埃里森的黑人作家危机），阅读拉尔夫·埃里森的代表作第16-18周：六、七十年代以来的美国黑人文化（重建身份和重建历史的努力），阅读莫里森的代表作每位参加该课程学习的学生均须严格出勤，按时完成学读任务，每学期主持两次小型（10分钟）学术报告，第一次针对老师推荐的作家作品做一个专题报告，第二次针对自己的学期研究计划做一个选题前瞻性和可行性报告。

In this book, Pinn surveyed the history of African-American responses to the problem of evil, or theodicy, from the slavery to the twentieth century. He argues that the theodical approach, developed by spirituals and church leaders and centered on the notion of redemptive or fruitful suffering, cannot solve the pressing issues of black liberation. Therefore, he outlines the Black humanism as a resolution to the problem of evil and especially investigates the strong humanism.

在本书中，作者追溯了从奴隶制时代至二十世纪美国黑人宗教思想家反思人类受难的历史，提出非裔美国人在有神论背景下发展出来的、以救赎之受难观念为中心的神义论进路不可能适当地解释黑人解放的议题，因此他提出黑人人文主义，特别是强势人文主义的范畴，作为解决罪恶问题的初步构想。

On the basis of the speakerly texts in "Their Eyes Were Watching God", the representative work by American Black woman writer Zora Neale Hurston, this paper discusses its unique charm and the Negro character reflected in them, approaching the free-style indirect speech, Negro preaching, special spelling and grammatical formation of Negro English and its application in the novel.

本文以美国黑人女作家佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿的代表作《他们眼望上苍》的叙事语言为切入点，从自由间接话语、黑人布道词、黑人英语独特的拼写和语法表达形式以及黑人英语在作品中的运用四个方面来研讨这部小说的独特魅力，以及由此而体现出的黑人性。

With this faith we will beable to work together, to pray together, to struggle together,to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.this will be the day when all of god's children will be able tosing with a new meaning, my country,'tis of thee, sweet landof liberty, of thee i sing.

那时，上帝的所有孩子，黑人和白人，犹太教徒和非犹太教徒，耶稣教徒和天主教徒，将能携手同唱那首古老的黑人灵歌：&终于自由了！终于自由了！感谢全能的上帝，我们终于自由了！&马丁·路德·金（公元1929—1968年），美国黑人律师，著名黑人民权运动领袖。一生曾三次被捕，三次被行刺，1964年获诺贝尔和平奖。1968年被种族主义分子枪杀。

Black spirituals are religious in nature used as an important communication among slaves in plantations during the days of slavery.

美国黑人灵歌是一种宗教歌曲，是美国奴隶制期间种植园黑人奴隶间的一种重要交流方式。

Her works shows the positive aspects of black life and the confirmation to black identity. But because the "protest literature" was popular at that time, her poetic description about the black life was unpopular. Their Eyes Were Watching God is representative of Hurston. Because it was not like the mainstream of black literature in which the strong ethnic conflict and the protest originated from the racial discrimination and oppression appears, then when it was released, it was on the criticism by cold-shouldered, and was buried into the dust years.

他们眼望上苍》是赫斯顿的代表作，这部小说没有像当时的主流黑人文学那样表现强烈的种族冲突和对种族歧视和压迫的抗议，因此一发表就遭到黑人作家的批评，受到冷落，被埋入岁月的尘埃之中，直到女权运动高涨的20世纪70年代，才从尘(来源：A1aBC论文网www.abclunwen.com)封的历史中被发掘，现在，它被西方学术界誉为美国黑人文学，女性主义文学和20世纪美国文学的经典，第一部黑人女性主义文学作品。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。