美国黑人

In the journey from the passive stereotype to a more positive, more complex view of the black woman as she appears in American literature, Zora Neale Hurston's work is transitional. It marks the beginning that the black woman image goes from stereotype to character.

在对黑人妇女形象的描写由被动的固有模式走向更为正面、更为复杂，以其真实的面貌展示于美国文学的历程中，佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿的作品具有过渡性的作用，它标志着黑人妇女形象由固有模式转向个性化的开始。

Ralph Ellison nimbly defends the blacks' humanity with his outstanding cultural vision, and his witty use of metaphors in language. He outdid the traditional literature focusing on moralistic propaganda by Mrs. Stowe, and the naturalistic protest fiction centering on hard boiled remonstration and violence by Richard Wright, firstly by speaking highly of the 191 century classic works by such white writers as Melville, Faulkner and Mark Twain, who showed humanistic spirit affirming the blacks' humanity, and secondly by making use of the highly symbolic arid subversive language both to represent negro's humanity and whites' inhumanity, and more importantly by probing into the universal human nature by alluding to the Riddle of the Sphinx, which demonstrates, in a broad sense, the author's humanistic concern for the living dilemma of the contemporary people and also his advocatory tendency to revive the humanistic spirit of the 19th century writers.

拉尔夫埃利森通过对梅尔维尔、福克纳和马克吐温等19世纪美国经典白人作家的作品解读，赞赏了这些作家在肯定黑人人性时表现出的人道主义精神；同时运用高度象征性和颠覆性的语言，展示了黑人的人性，揭示了白人的非人性；并通过&斯芬克斯之谜&典故的阐释，对普遍意义上的人性作了探讨，体现了作者对所有现代人的生存困境的关注，从而超越了以斯陀夫人小说为代表的注重道义宣传的传统文学，以及以理查德赖特的创作为代表的注重态度强硬的抗议与暴力表达的自然主义文学，体现出回归与提升19世纪人文主义作家人道主义精神的创作倾向。

At schools where there are large numbers of Blacks, it is a well-known dirty secret that many of the Black boys predatorily prey on White, Hispanic and especially Asian boys, although the Hispanics are starting to really fight back now.

在学校，那里有大量的黑人，这是一个广为人知的肮脏秘密，许多黑人男孩predatorily猎物白纸上，西班牙裔和亚洲，尤其是男生，虽然西班牙裔美国人也开始真正反击。

However, Dust Tracks on a Road by Hurston, a rediscovered preeminent black women writer, has challenged and broken the conventional paradigm and narrative modes of black women autobiography. In the text, Hurston constructs her "ideal self" and conceals her "real self" by unfixing her racial identify and gender.

然而，近年来被美国文学界重新发掘的黑人女作家赫斯顿的自传《路上的尘埃痕》，却打破了黑人女性自传揭示群体性自我的传统，通过消解&我&的种族身份、女性身份而构建了&纯我&，而其现实生活中&真我&却被作者以迂回式叙事策略而遮掩了。

That the holding citing the 14th Amendment perversely made redistricting that advantaged blacks subject to more rigorous scrutiny than redistricting advantaging other non-racial groups, though the impetus of the 14th was to provide for equal protection for blacks, and

最高法院表示本案应适用严密简裁的司法审查基准，&黑人会投票给黑人&是种族刻板印象，选出的代表更相信他们的主要义务是去代表那个团体而非全体选民，这和美国的民主是完全对立的。

This article is divided into seven sections: The first part deals with Martin Luther King Jr.'s experiences in his early years; the second with the Montgomery bus boycott led by King ,the action lasted one year and a few weeks and finally the city's buses were desegregated; the third with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference built by King and his other black leaders ,aiming at promoting the successful Montgomery action; the fourth with the letter from the Birmingham jail,this section fully demonstrated King's strong will and persistence for Black Civil Movement ;the fifth with Challenges of the final years,during which King had to meet the challenges from inside and outside for his business; the sixth with Posthumous reputation and legacy,this part records the reputation King owned after his death in honor of his outstanding contribution for Black Civil Movement and the controversy; the seventh with assessment,it mainly focuses on great influence King had on human being ,especially American politics and economics.

摘要这篇文章分为六个部分，第一部分介绍了马丁·路德·金早年的成长历程；第二部分记述了金投身民权事业，组织蒙哥马利罢乘运动，这场运动前后持续了一年零几个月，最后迫使法院判决该市在公交车上实施种族隔离的做法是非法的，活动取得成功；第三部分记述了金和其他黑人民权领导人建立南方基督教领导会议，以寻求蒙哥马利胜利后的进一步发展；第四部分记述了金被捕后，在伯明翰监狱仍坚持斗争，充分显示了他对黑人民权事业的坚定信念；第五部分记述了金在遇害的前几年，为了进一步发展他的事业，所面临的来自内外的挑战；第六部分记述了金死后，为了纪念其对民权运动作出的卓越贡献，各种殊荣纷至踏来，从而也引发了对金的争议；最后一部分探讨了金死后，对后世，尤其是对美国社会政治和经济的影响。

And it shows that the Southern section of the country, the states that are most heavily concentrated with Negroes, are the ones that have senators and congressmen standing up filibustering and doing all other kinds of trickery to keep the Negro from being able to vote.

在后面的房间里参议院会议室里，有一张巨大的美国地图，在地图上说明和人的特定区域遍及整个国家。地区最费力的把黑人集中起来，任何一个黑人都在被掠夺并做所有其他各种的欺骗维持他们能够选举的事情。

But mostly, they showed that African-Americans could be portrayed onscreen as complex human beings - part good, part bad - rather than the bigot-fodder of decades ago: the cardboard villains, comical personas or long-suffering saints and mammies of Hollywood's Golden Age.

但是最重要的是，这些影片的成功说明非裔美国演员有能力在银屏上塑造好坏参半的复杂人物形象，而不仅仅像几十年前那样只能出演性格偏执单一的小人物：无足轻重的恶棍、滑稽可笑的无名小卒或者好莱坞黄金时代影片中行为高尚但是饱受悲惨命运折磨的黑人和黑人保姆。

I had joined that multitude of Negro men and women in America who are brainwashed into believing that the black people are "inferior"—and white people "superior"—that they will even violate and mutilate12 their God-created bodies to try to look "pretty" by white standards.

我曾经成为美国众多黑人男女中的一员，他们被彻底洗脑，相信黑人就&低人一等&，而白人却&高人一等&；根据白人的标准，为了看起来&漂亮&，他们甚至宁愿亵渎和残害上帝赋予的神圣之躯。

Wilson's characters testify to the fact that the United States failed blacks after Lincoln abolished slavery and that the government's failure, made effective legally through Jim Crow laws and other lawful measures to ensure inequality, continues to effect many black lives.

威尔逊的字符证明一个事实，即美国未能在林肯废除黑人奴隶制度和政府的失败，取得了有效的法律通过吉姆克劳法律和其他合法的措施，以确保不平等，继续影响许多黑人的生活。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。