美国黑人

And the uniqueness of Afro-American music and dance is the root of the popularity of Afro-American culture.

他们的音乐和舞蹈因非洲黑人的文化根源而独具特色，而非主流文化的附属物，从而能真实地反映了美国黑人的历史和社会生活；反之，正是这种音乐和舞蹈造就了美国黑人文化的独特魅力。

And the uniqueness of Afro-American musicand dance is the root of the popularity of Afro-American culture.

他们的音乐和舞蹈因非洲黑人的文化根源而独具特色，而非主流文化的附属物，从而能真实地反映了美国黑人的历史和社会生活；反之，正是这种音乐和舞蹈造就了美国黑人文化的独特魅力。

Marcus Garvey was the most prominent black leader in the 1920's American, who led the biggest Negro movement in Afro—American history.

马库斯·加维是20世纪20年代美国黑人运动的杰出领袖，他领导了美国历史上第一次大规模的黑人群众运动——加维运动，对当时及其以后的黑人运动都产生了巨大的影响。

Part five analyze the "separatism from America" road and draw the conclusion: on one hand, Marcus Garvey's separatism road was the product of the Afro—American's hard lives; on the other hand, it wouldn't come into reality under the circumstance of his days.

第五部分：以加维的"脱离美国"道路为中心，从其客观环境和可行性两个角度进行分析，得出结论：加维的"脱离美国"的道路虽然是当时美国黑人艰难处境的产物，但在当时的条件下是无法实施的，不能从根本上解决美国黑人问题。

Chapter Ⅵ explores the Black's limited contact with the white and how their mixture language Gullah comes into being with the retrospection of the historical process of the early Black's unwilling settling in the North America and their miserable living conditions in the unequal slavery system. Furthermore, the paper has done some textual research upon the Africanisms of the early Black English with its linguistical characteristics and ingredients of the Black culture tradition in American English.

第六章，回顾早期黑人被贩至美国的历史过程及其生活状况，研讨了黑奴在不平等社会制度下与白人进行有限接触与交往时形成的富有民族特性的古拉语，指出它是美国黑人英语的雏形，进而探讨了这种混合语的非洲成份，它的主要特征以及早期美国英语中的黑人传统文化因素。

This thesis takes the strenuous search for cultural identity of the Dead family in Song of Solomon as the main line, embarks on the cultural identity of blacks in different periods, connects the pursuit of identity with their history in American society, outlines a vivid historical picture of blacks from the evolution of their identity (from the enslaved black to the emancipated freedman, to the northern migrator and then the youth born in the north), further explores the efforts made by the blacks on their way to seek their national outlets and build their cultural identity in different periods, points out the advantage and disadvantage of their choice, and finally draws to the conclusion that African American should not abandon their national tradition but at the same time they must stand on American society and find a sound integrity of the two cultures.

本论文以托妮·莫里森的第三部小说《所罗门之歌》中戴德家族寻求文化身份认同的艰难历程为主线，以黑人在不同的历史时期的文化身份的选择为切入点，把黑人对身份的探寻与他们在美国社会中的历史文化联系在一起。从黑人身份的演变(从奴隶到被解放的自由人到北方移民者到出生在北方的新一代黑人青年)勾勒出一幅美国黑人百年历史的生动画面，分析在不同时期黑人为寻求民族出路和构建文化身份时所做出的艰苦卓绝地努力和探索。同时也指出了他们所选择道路的利与弊。最后的结论是：在寻求种族出路时既要立足美国现实又不能抛弃种族传统，而应该努力找到二者的最佳结合点。

1St Week: A general introduction to the nature and contents of the course; an investigation of students' acquired knowledge of literature in general; a brief introduction to African-American literature 2nd and 3rd Weeks: Rediscovering an Invisible Culture (Why Black culture had been unknown and unobserved for several decades; how it came to be rediscovered ) 4th to 6th Weeks: Double Consciousness (the marginal perspective in Language, Oral Culture, Folklore and Religion); Reading representative works by three Black writers of racial consciousness: Douglass, Washington and Bu Bois 7th to 9th Weeks: Minstrelsy (Imitation, Parody and Travesty in Black-White interaction rituals 1830--1920); Reading the novel about the Black life: Uncle Tom's Cabin 10th to 12th Weeks: Social Mobility and Cultural Stigma: The case of Chicago Jazz 1920--1930; Reading poems by Hughes and novels by Wright 13th to 15th Weeks: Oral Tradition and the Quest for Literacy: The crisis of Black writers from Philips Wheatley to Ralph Ellison; Reading the masterpiece of Ellison 16th to 18th Weeks: Contemporary Afro-American Culture: the sixties and seventies (efforts on reconstructing the Black identiy and Black history); Reading novels by Morrison

第1周：介绍课程性质、内容，了解学生相关文学背景，简要概括黑人文学历史第2-3周：再现黑人文化（黑人文化长期被掩盖的事实和原因，重新被发现的原因和过程）第4-6周：双重意识（语言、吟唱文学、民俗民谣、宗教的边缘化），阅读黑人种族意识三代伟大启蒙家道格拉斯、华盛顿、杜波伊斯的代表作第7-9周：吟游文学（黑人与白人的文化互动过程中的模仿、戏仿、曲仿），阅读第一部反映黑人生活的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》第10-12周：社会动荡与文化耻辱（芝加哥爵士乐的兴起、流行和影响），阅读休斯和赖特的代表作第13-15周：口头文学传统与争取教育权利的斗争（从惠特利到埃里森的黑人作家危机），阅读拉尔夫·埃里森的代表作第16-18周：六、七十年代以来的美国黑人文化（重建身份和重建历史的努力），阅读莫里森的代表作每位参加该课程学习的学生均须严格出勤，按时完成学读任务，每学期主持两次小型（10分钟）学术报告，第一次针对老师推荐的作家作品做一个专题报告，第二次针对自己的学期研究计划做一个选题前瞻性和可行性报告。

In this book, Pinn surveyed the history of African-American responses to the problem of evil, or theodicy, from the slavery to the twentieth century. He argues that the theodical approach, developed by spirituals and church leaders and centered on the notion of redemptive or fruitful suffering, cannot solve the pressing issues of black liberation. Therefore, he outlines the Black humanism as a resolution to the problem of evil and especially investigates the strong humanism.

在本书中，作者追溯了从奴隶制时代至二十世纪美国黑人宗教思想家反思人类受难的历史，提出非裔美国人在有神论背景下发展出来的、以救赎之受难观念为中心的神义论进路不可能适当地解释黑人解放的议题，因此他提出黑人人文主义，特别是强势人文主义的范畴，作为解决罪恶问题的初步构想。

The current study is based on 2843 skeletons (1518 European-American males, 837 African–American males, 216 European-American females, and 272 African American females) from the human portion of the Hamann-Todd Osteologic Collection (curated at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Cleveland,OH).

本研究基于2843个骨骼标本（1518名美国白人男性，837美国黑人男性，216名美国白人女性，272名美国黑人女性），标本由克利夫兰自然博物馆，Hamann-Todd骨骼标本收集中心提供。

Her works shows the positive aspects of black life and the confirmation to black identity. But because the "protest literature" was popular at that time, her poetic description about the black life was unpopular. Their Eyes Were Watching God is representative of Hurston. Because it was not like the mainstream of black literature in which the strong ethnic conflict and the protest originated from the racial discrimination and oppression appears, then when it was released, it was on the criticism by cold-shouldered, and was buried into the dust years.

他们眼望上苍》是赫斯顿的代表作，这部小说没有像当时的主流黑人文学那样表现强烈的种族冲突和对种族歧视和压迫的抗议，因此一发表就遭到黑人作家的批评，受到冷落，被埋入岁月的尘埃之中，直到女权运动高涨的20世纪70年代，才从尘(来源：A1aBC论文网www.abclunwen.com)封的历史中被发掘，现在，它被西方学术界誉为美国黑人文学，女性主义文学和20世纪美国文学的经典，第一部黑人女性主义文学作品。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了