美国国会

ACUS believes that Congress should replace the detailed restrictions it has created for OSHA's advisory committees with a general provision authorizing use of advisory committees subject only to the FACA requirement of balanced membership.

美国行政会议确信国会应以一条一般性规定来授权咨询委员会只需服从《联邦咨询委员会法》的组成人员的均衡要求，来取代国会对OSHA咨询委员会的具体限制。

Congress failed to act on this proposal. But its lack of action did not stop the rise of a labor organization that had been formed a few years earlier. The group soon would become the most important labor union in the United States. It was the American Federation of Labor, or A.F.L.

国会未能就总统的这项建议有所作为，但国会的不作为并不能阻止几年前成立的一个劳工组织的兴起，这个劳工组织很快就成为美国最重要的工会组织，这个工会组织就是美国劳工联合会（the American Federation of Labor，简称A.F.L），美国劳工联合会由塞缪尔。

In America academia, the study of Congress has gone through an anglophile responsible-party phase, a sociologically oriented legislative-behavior phase, and contemporary institutional studies have been directed by the New Institutionalism Politics thus far.

从美国学术界的研究来看，国会政治经历了类似英国式政党议会政治研究、具有社会学倾向的立法行为研究和以新制度主义政治学指导下的国会制度研究等范式的转型。

The administration's decision to get tough on China appears to be intended in part to soothe Congress's antitrade passions long enough to win approval of a new free-trade agreement with South Korea that would be good for American consumers and exporters.

政府对中国方面的强硬决定，部分意图是减缓国会的反贸易风，取得国会的支持以赢得和韩国之间的新自由贸易协定，那是对美国的消费者和出口商都很有利的协定。

Chapter 5 will start with Americas case Feist v. Jane Doe to understand the case s influence to American legal protection of databases and introduce the Parliament s proposal after the EU Directive.

第五章延续第三章、第四章论述后，进入美国1991年Feist案后，美国法院对国内资料库保护之后续见解，探究1991年Feist案对美国资料库保护之影响程度，同时并述美国於欧体公布资料库指令后国会提出之资料库立法草案。

Chapter 1 is a preface to introduce the motives of this paper research methods scope restriction and frame Chapter 2 will fist introduce the concept of database and then discuss the necessity of database protection in the creating methods and with or without originality This chapter will put emphasis on the importance of originality to database Chapter 3 will observe the British America and Germany's viewpoint of originality to discuss their legislative mode of database legal protection Chapter will introduce EU Directive/96/9/EC of database protection and four judges of EU Court after the Directive takes effect in 2004 to find how the ECJ use the Directive Then according to the DG Internal Market and Service Working Pater and BEUC's evaluation of the Directive this paper will find whether there is positive reaction and influence in database market after EU member countries take the same legislations with the Directive Section 5 will introduce the legislation of British and Germany following the Directive and analyze the development and questions of the two countries' current legislation Chapter 5 will start with Americas case Feist v Jane Doe to understand the case's influence to American legal protection of databases and introduce the Parliament's proposal after the EU Directive Chapter 6 will introduce Japan legislation regarding legal protection of database works and discuss the goodness and badness through Japan academy and judicial viewpoint Chapter 7 will introduce Taiwan's legislation to find whether current law provides enough and adequate protection to databases and discuss whether there is a necessity of amendment At last this paper will try to provide some suggestions about our legislation Chapter 8 is the conclusion of this paper

第二章首先介绍资料库之概念，并以建置方式与是否具原创性区分方式探讨资料库法律保护之必要性，而因著眼原创性对於资料库法律保护之重要性，便於第三章以比较法独立观察英、美、德国对原创性之观点，以接续探讨三国对资料库所采取之立法途径。第四章部份介绍欧盟资料库保护指令之相关规定，并就指令公布后，欧盟法院於2004年接续作出四个关於资料库保护之判决加以介绍，以期寻求欧盟法院如何运用指令规范中之构成要件，而后并参考欧盟委员会工作小组及消费者组织报告对欧体资料库指令之评估文献，探究欧盟各国采取与指令相同立法后，在资料库市场上是否有正面的回应及影响，并於第五节针对英、德两国跟进欧盟资料库保护指令立法之介绍，并归纳、检讨英、德两国之现行法制之发展与所面临之问题。第五章延续第三章、第四章论述后，进入美国1991年Feist案后，美国法院对国内资料库保护之后续见解，探究1991年Feist案对美国资料库保护之影响程度，同时并述美国於欧体公布资料库指令后国会提出之资料库立法草案。第六章则针对日本新增资料库著作之立法模式加以介绍，并藉由日本学界、实务之见解探讨该立法模式之优缺点，再於第七章进入我国法制之介绍，以观察我国目前之法制是否提供资料库充分的保护，探讨资料库立法之必要性，最后尝试提出我国立法模式之建议。第八章则为总结之论述。

From 1659 to 1681, showcasing one's holiday spirit in Boston could cost you a fine of as much as five shillings. That's right, Christmas used to be illegal. It's somewhat surprising then that the same puritanical minds also created the first American batch of eggnog at Captain John Smith's 1607 Jamestown settlement.(The word "nog" comes from the word grog, that is, any drink made with rum). Christmas was so inconsequential that after the Revolutionary War, Congress didn't even bother taking the day off to celebrate the holiday, deciding instead to hold its first session on Christmas Day, 1789. It took almost a century for Congress to proclaim it a federal holiday.

从1659年到1681年，要是在波士顿你和某个人一起庆贺圣诞的话，你就得被罚5先令了没错，圣诞节过去是非法的令人吃惊的是同样是在清教徒思想下，约翰·史密斯上尉却在1607年詹姆斯敦镇做出了第一批美国蛋酒（鸡蛋酒eggnog中的nog是从grog这个词演化来的，它的意思是由朗姆酒做出的酒）圣诞节在独立战争后也并不是很重要的节日国会甚至没有把这个日子定为节假日他们甚至选在1789年的圣诞节这天召开了第一次会议国会在几乎一个世纪之后才宣布圣诞日是个联邦的法定节假日4。

The outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 led to a gradual expansion of the Army. On 27 August 1940, Congress authorized the induction of the National Guard into Federal service. On 16 September 1940 the first peacetime draft in United States history was passed by Congress. However, the draftees were inducted for only one year.

1939年9月，欧洲战争爆发导致美国陆军的逐步扩军。1940年8月27日，国会批准把国民警卫队纳入联邦现役。1940年9月16日，国会通过了美国历史上第一个和平时期征兵法案，但是兵役期只有一年。

They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

在美国宪法生效后不久的1803年，最高法院大法官马歇尔在马伯利诉麦迪逊案中，确立了美国联邦最高法院的违宪审查权，即法院有权判断国会的立法是否与宪法的精神相违背，从而可以宣布国会的立法合宪或者无效。

July 15, 1989. Members of the U.S. Congress visited an ICBM base in Russia's Ivanovo Region inspecting a UR-100 (SS-11) ICBM silo.

1989年7月15日。美国国会议员访问了俄罗斯的伊万诺沃地区的洲际弹道导弹基地，视察了UR-100 (SS-11)洲际弹道导弹发射井。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。